Duke University
could be a personal analysis university settled in Durham, North geographical
region, us, supported by Methodists and Quakers within the contemporary city of
Trinity in 1838, the college rapt to Durham in 1892. This University was
established in 1924; by Chief Executive Duke was tobacco and wattage
businessman. At that period the establishment modified its name to honor his
deceased father, Washington Duke.
Sunday, August 30, 2015
Friday, August 14, 2015
Environmental Degradation by Population Growth
To most of the people growth of human
population at alarming rate at least in the present century is the most
significant cause of the lowering of environment quality and ecological
balance. In fact, there are conflicting ideas and views regarding the exact
principal cause of environmental degradation wherein the lowering of
environmental quality and ecological imbalance have been assigned to
overpopulation, or to the failures of the social system or to modern
technologies.
Industrial Development and Environmental Degradation
Industrial due to advancement in
science and technology started in 1860 England
and soon spread over Western Europe and North America .
No doubt rapid rate of industrial development has given economic prosperity to
human society, has given new dimension to socio-economic structure and has
provided material comfort to the people of industrially developed countries but
it has also created many-fold environment problems. In fact, the glittering
effects of industrialization have so greatly affected the mind of the general
public that industrialization is now being considered as the parameter of
modernity and as a necessary element of socio-economic development of nation.
Saturday, July 18, 2015
Cause of earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused due to
disequilibrium in any part of the crust of the earth. A number of caused have
been assigned to cause disequilibrium in the earth's crust such as volcanic
eruptions, faulting and folding, up warping and down warping, hydrostatic
pressure of man-made water bodies like reservoirs and lakes, and late the plate
movements. The occurrence of severe devastating earthquake of San Fransisco (U.S.A)
in 1960 led H.F. Reid, one of the official investigators of San Fransisco
Earthquake Disaster, to advance his important ELASTIC REBOUNB THEORY to explain
the mode and causes of earthquake mainly caused by fractures and faults in the
earth's crust and upper mantle. Recently, PLATE TECTONIC THEORY has been
accepted as the most plausible explanation of earthquakes.
Natural hazards
Natural environmental hazards and disasters involve
comparatively rare high-intensity processes and extreme events caused by both
terrestrial and atmospheric processes. The study of natural hazards includes
the consideration of identification of specific events, finding of their
causative factors, assessment of their impacts on human and other biological
communities, prediction of such events and finding their remedial measures. Natural
hazards fall in two broad categories (1) planetary hazards and (2)
extra-planetary hazards or extra-terrestrial natural hazards.
Thursday, July 16, 2015
Aspect and approaches to environmental management
On an average environmental management involves (1) judicious
and gainful utilization of natural resources for socio-economic development and
(2) Maintenance of environmental quality by perusing ecological principle. Broader
objectives of environmental management include (i) to restrict and regulate the
exploitation and utilization of natural resources, mainly non-renewable natural
resources; (ii) to regenerate degraded environment and to renew natural
resources (iii) to control environmental degradation and pollution (iv) to
reduce the impacts of extreme events and natural disaster (v) to make optimum utilization
of natural resources by recycling and reusing waste materials produced from one
activity to another economically and environmentally viable activity (vi) to
review and revise the existing technologies of production in terms of their
adverse effects on the environment (vii) to formulate laws and regulations for
the implementation of environment protection and conservation programs to
maintain the environment quality.
Sunday, June 21, 2015
International Co-operations for Environmental Management
The international communities are
well aware and seized of global environmental and ecological problems and
various efforts have been initiated to control global warming and halt probable
climate change. There are several organization, government agencies,
intergovernmental agencies, non-government organizations (NGO) which have
undertaken various action plan and projects to study the relationships between
man and environment interactions between man and nature, the environmental
problems resulting there from and remedial measures therefore.
Sunday, June 14, 2015
Major Global Problems
The most significant global
environment problem faced by the world community is related to global
environmental changes consequent upon global warming resulting from a host of
causal factors viz. ozone depletion, emission of greenhouse gases at alarming
increasing rate, deforestation etc. the probable net result of global warming
would be climatic change at local, regional and global levels.
Saturday, June 13, 2015
Acid Rain
Acid rain fall-out of acids
caused by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with rainfall and thus increases
in the amount of acidity of rainwater. As pointed out above rainwater is not pure because
atmospheric carbon dioxide is dissolved in the rainwater which thus because
moderately acidic, the pH being generally 5. The water with Ph value of 7.0 is
called neutral water whereas the pH value below it makes the water alkaline.
The water becomes more injurious when the pH fall below 4.
Sulphur dioxide emitted from man
made sources in large quantities into the atmosphere combines with water to
form sulphur and sulphuric acids (H2SO4).
These acids fall on the earth's surface with rainfall and thus the fall of
highly acidic water are called acid rain. The pH of rainwater in some
localities of the USA mainly in West Virginia has gone down to 1.5 pH of
rainwater in Europe is as low as 2.4 whereas the normal range of pH of neutral water
must be 7.0.
The main sources of acid rains
are oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which are emitted from industrial
establishments and different types of vehicles. These pollutions are spread in
atmosphere by wind and from acids after reacting with water in the atmosphere.
It may be pointed out that acid rains are not confined to the source areas of
the emissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen rather they cover much larger
areas far away from the source pollutants being in gaseous phase are carried
away and spread over larger areas through winds and clouds. For example, oxides
of sulphur and nitrogen spewed from several mills in Germany and U.K have
caused widespread acid rains in Scandinavia countries with the result most of
the lakes in Scandinavia countries have lost their biological communities and
are now biologically termed as dead lakes.
Dead lake means destruction and
death of all aquatic lives including plants and animals in lakes, ponds, and
rivers. Acid rains also affect human community adversely, though the mode of
human disease and death due to acid rains has not been properly understood as
yet. The productivity of soils is also significantly lowered because of acid
rains as increased acidity destroys mineral elements and other nutrients of the
soils.
Acid rain is not a local problem
or a problem of a particular country, rather it is an international problem
because air pollutants emitted from a particular country are carried in the
atmosphere by the winds and are spread over other countries. Thus the problem
of acid rains should be tackled at international level.
Friday, June 12, 2015
World Common Environmental Issue
Present world is facing many
environmental hazards and being problematic living support system of entire
living beings. Environment is the common house for entire living and non-living
things. But, the right of the other except man is losing by the human self-fish
activities. Declining environmental condition is common concern matter all
developed and developing countries that made think about improvement of
environment condition for sustainable development and balance between sources
and human. As a result many international conferences are held in order to
manage environment depletion condition. These conferences find out the common
issues and declare to manage.
1 Global change: - climate
change, global warming, ice melting and sea level rising, change in atmosphere
gaseous composition, change in water, air and soil quality, land use change,
ecosystem services change and life system change.
2 Technological and Toxic
Hazards, Incidence of disease infection
3 Natural resource degradation,
life support bio-resource deletion, deforestation, desertification and land
degradation
4 poverty, regional disparity,
and inequality of development pattern
5 Loss of biodiversity and threat
to cultural heritage
6 Solid waste management and technological
appropriateness
7 Regional cooperation and world
unity for long term solution
Monday, June 8, 2015
Common Goals of Environmental Policies
World circumstantial degradation of natural resources, wild animal, and environmental pollution has been brought every community, fund and organization and nation for conservation of environment and natural resources for long time sustainable development in common practice. Declining condition of natural environmental source, highly pressure of population, atmosphere pollution, industrial production, and production of greenhouse effect gases negatively effects on global climate change bringing challenge for biosphere global ecological situation make the world’s developed and developing countries in united for conservation of environment, sustainable development of economics, human and security for entire living system by making polices.
There has been seen many international conferences held for improve and conservation of environmental situation. Many policies and strategies have made these conferences and still applying it all the developed and developing countries.
American geologist George Perkins published the book ‘Man and Nature’ in 1864 that notified to the American government about negative effect on ecological situation by the uncontrolled grazing and rapid chopping down tree on slope area. This is known as the first practice for environmental conservation. This message helped to the American government to build national policies in 1873 for conservation of forest and started to control the hunting activities of wild animals and species.
The world’s common policies for conserve environmental situation
1 Maintains the essential ecological processes and life support systems on which we survive.
2 preserve the genetic diversity on which ecological processes of life support system are based.
3 Ensure the sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems which support millions of biological communities.
Sunday, June 7, 2015
Environmental Education
We know that, we can't live with
out good environmental situation. But the condition of the environmental
situation is getting worse day to day in our life. The awareness for improving
environmental situation has been starting in 1960, and held many international
conferences for conserve of environmental situation. But environmental
situation is not in improving condition. These conferences declared many
policies and strategies to improve environmental situation and invest much properties.
Human Environmental international conference made international level
government policy for conservation of biosphere in 1972 (Sweden).
Wednesday, May 20, 2015
Men's Interactions with the Environment
Men are an important part of the
bio-tic component of the environment and simultaneously they are an important
factor of the environment. Thus, men play important roles in the natural
environmental system in different capacities such as biological, social, economic, and technological. All the natural
functions of human beings such as birth, growth, health, and deaths are
affected and determined by natural environment in the same manner as the cases
of other organisms. However, men being most developed and advanced animal both
physically and mentally and technologically, is capable of making substantial
changes in natural environment so as to make it suitable for his own living.
Tuesday, May 19, 2015
Human Population and Environment
The environment affects
population through biophysical limitations, behavioral controls, and resource
availability. Weather and climate affects of human well-being and health. The study
of attitudes of human body to changes in the atmospheric environments is known
as human bio-meteorology, which lays emphasis on to establish how much of the
overall biological variability the result of change in weather, climate, and
season is. Three levels of climate environment affect human behavior whereas, micro-climate, which represents weather conditions surrounding an individual living thing, ecological climate, its represent weather elements of the habitat of living
thing, geographical climate, weather situation of larger area unit and longer
temporal span.
Human body can function
properly only in certain suites of environmental conditions in terms of oxygen,
heat, light, humidity and precipitation, wind, atmospheric electricity and
space. Even the survival of human body depends on the above factors. Lack of
required amount of oxygen at higher altitudes makes human survival impossible.
Excessive heat and humidity retard body and mental growth whereas very high or
very low temperature on the one hand adversely affects human body and on the other
hand makes food a scarce commodity to support human life.
Various combinations of
environment factors have not only affected but conditioned racial
characteristics in different parts of the earth's surface. Environment also effect
conditions thoughts, ideologies, and culture of human being. Other hand social,
economic, and political behaviors influenced to certain extent by man's
perception of environmental factor and his response to these factors. Frequency
and magnitude of extreme natural events and environmental factors like
earthquake, floods, droughts, landslides, and atmospheric storms influence
man's perception of natural environment and decide his reactions and response
to these events.
The most significant
aspect of the environment of the environment in influencing human activity is
the availability of natural resources. The rich or poor quality and quantity
all the availability of renewable and non-renewable resources decide the type
of human activities towards economic viability, social organizations, political
stability, and international relations. In matter of fact, the level of
economic development largely depends on natural resources.
Thursday, May 7, 2015
Demography and Economics
The meaningful contribution to
demography both in theory and application has come from economists. Population
studies are being an essential part of course contents in graduate studies in
economics. Population size, its distribution and skill quality ate key factors
in the total production and utilization process. Labor supply and labor
productivity are dependent upon the size and skill composition of the
population supply. Resource management, employment generation and distortion in
income distribution are key issues that confront today's economists more than
what they did hundred years back. There can be no uncertainty that raising the
level of living of people is very closely related to the population growth.
Population explosion in the
developing countries has left some of their economic programs. Investment
priorities of economic and development planning have often been derailed by the
rapid population growth. Globalization and cheap labor in the developing
countries have become contentious issues in World Tread Organization. Economic
issues have effects direct or indirect on fertility, mortality, emigration and
immigration, population density, migration towards urban from rural and many
human activities.
Demography and Anthropology
These both disciplines share
human population as their research subject though they focus on complementary
aspects. Demography's primary concern is with the dynamic forces defining
population size and structure and their variation across time and space, social
and cultural anthropology focuses on the social organization shaping people's
production and reproduction. Given these different focuses the methodological
approaches too are quite different demography's stress is on collected data, mathematical
modeling and the estimation testing system, anthropology is mostly qualitative
based on case studies and inductive. Anthropological demography an emerging
branch uses anthropological theory and methods to investigate demographic events.
The main theoretical concepts in anthropological demography are known as
culture, gender, religious institutions and political economy. Generally, its theoretical
research approach includes a mix of quantitative and qualitative methodologies
applied to case studies. The ethnographic research and participant observation
are often central to this approach as is interpretative reading o primary data
historical material.
Anthropologists tend to be
skeptical about demographer's emphasis on statistical representative their
comparable nature of data collected through standardized surveys, they claim
that the demographer's pay little attention to their validity of the data, to
the analytically models and their interpretation. Despite such divergences scholars
in both disciplines have occasionally come together, working in
multidisciplinary research teams, and created complex research models to build
on mutual strengths and reduce disciplinary limitations thus launching their
field of anthropological demography. Anthropological demography within demography
is still evolving.
Sunday, May 3, 2015
Demography and Sociology
Demography and Sociology both
considered as man as a social animal and that as a unit of society human being
have to perform a series of activities both as an individual as also as a
partner of a larger group. A sociologist uses demography as a tool and supplies
of social space for understanding social relations, social issues, social
interactions, social reactions and the evolution and continuation of social
processes. The study of population would be largely incomplete and could be
misleading too if social and cultural issues do not receive the attention it
deserves. Demography is not simply a study of population compositions, sex
ratio in the population, prevailing or changing birth rate, death rate,
migration rate and marriage rate. They are meaningful only in the context of
social, cultural and economic background of the human aggregate under scrutiny.
When the
demography viewed as an applied science, has closest relation with sociology
since study of composition and distribution of a population cannot be
understood without reference to the social environment that foster them. When
structures and compositions are to be understood about a population, the
frequently used criterion is social.
It has a strong
social base on both fertility and migration; often they are treated as part of
a social phenomenon. Even change in death rates especially age-sex specific
death rates and marriage rates are mutual related to social customs and
cultural determinants.
The population
policy which basically is a demographic issue is discussed and debated in
social, cultural and economic context. The measures recommended and practiced
for controlling birth rate differ from one country to another primarily because
of the social and cultural circumstances prevailing in those countries.
A
representative mutual relation appears to exist between social status on the
one hand and fertility and mortality on the other. Class position has proved
ascendancy over others in explaining fertility, expectation of life and even
some of the principle causes of mortality and morbidity in a population.
Saturday, May 2, 2015
MACRO-AND MICRO DEMOGRAPHY
The difference between macro and
micro study lies in the size of the study aspects unit used in data collection
and analysis. Marco Demography studies the total population of a region or
country or aggregate of people known to share a common culture or genetic
origin or some other common social, economical or other characteristics.
Usually the units for macro-demographic studies are the continents, nations or
the states or larger administrative units within a country. The studies of slow
or rapid growth rate of population birth rate, death rate, sex ratio,
dependency ratio, migration, public health system etc. are examples of macro
demography. Many other issues as literacy rate, employment, income
distribution, proportion-consumption, and living standards, relation between
population and economic development and environment are the part of
macro-demography.
Units of micro-demography are not
only small they are included the larger macro-demography. They constitute the
internal or primary elements of macro analysis. This unit is totally dependent
on the basic an autonomous units of macro-demography. Micro-demography studies
the nature of changes in some of the demographic characteristics of a
population group that influence the structure and distribution of the population
or help bring some readjustment in population groups. The micro-demography uses
individual, family, small community or village as the unit for understanding
causal connections to some of the changes observed in the population groups.
Some examples of macro and micro demography:-
Macro mortality studies: - role
of vaccination reduction of small pox, polio regional differences in infant
mortality; causes of mortality in the country.
Micro-mortality studies: - some communities have reservation against
polio vaccination? Role of education in public health awareness; do parents
discriminate sons and daughter in matters relating to their health and
education?
Macro-fertility study: - the relation between birth rate and economic
development, urbanization and industrialization, the differences in birth rate
between rural and urban population, religion and birth control etc. often are
objectives of macro-fertility study.
Micro-fertility studies: - what is an ideal family size? Cost of
rearing a child, family planning awareness and interest in birth control, need
for education and aspiration for children are example of micro- fertility
studies.
Macro- migration studies: - net migration rate by regions, type of
migration in Asia, migration and individual development, sex difference in
migration.
Micro-migration studies: - individual and family decisions behind
migration, impact of immigration from one to another village or state, why is
migration rate high with educated people, how has rural economy been affected
by rural-urban migration?
Wednesday, April 29, 2015
DEFINITION OF DEMOGRAPHY
To define demography there need to start with by population.
The influence of statistics is immense in demography. As such, population to a
demographer refers to an average of people possessing some specified
characteristics within a precisely defined area. We can use either geographic
or social space or both to demarcate one population from another.
The credit of adding the word Demography to our vocabulary
goes to Achillle Guillard. The term has variously been used in economics,
geography, sociology, anthropology and other social science. They have defined
the term from their own point of view to suit their conveniences. Therefore
some definitions are too narrow and some are too broad to include a wide
variety of things. Some definitions are as follow:
Demography is a
function of fertility, mortality and migration.
-Gywalli, Damother
The study of the size,
composition and the distribution of population is demography.
-Thomson and Lewis
Demography is the
numerical analysis of the state and movement of human population inclusive of
census enumerations and registration of vital processes and whatever
qualitative analysis can be made of the state and the movement of population on
the basis of fundamental census and registration data.
-Von
Mayor
The mathematical,
scientific and statistical study of the size, composition and spatial
distribution of the population through the operation of five processes of
fertility, mortality, marriage, migration and social mobility its long run goal
is to develop theories to explain the events that is charts and compare.
-Donald J. Bogue
Demography is the
study of the size, territorial distribution and composition of the population
changes therein and the components of such changes, which may be identified as
natality, mortality, territorial movement and social mobility.
-Hauser
and Duncan
Scientific study of
human population primary with their size, their structure and their development
is demography.
-The
Multilingual Dictionary
Demography does not
deal with the behavior of individual but only with the aggregates of people or
even part therefore the numerical of human population is known as demography.
-W.G. Barckly
Tuesday, April 28, 2015
Demography
Statistic and scientific study of
population is called Demography. It is a new science in study among other
science. Achillle Guillard was the first person who used the term Demography in
1855 in his book Elements de Statistique
Humaine on Demography Comparee. The term Demography is derived from two
Greek words, Demos, means people and Graphein, to draw or write. Guillard used
the term to denote mathematical knowledge of the social, intellectual, physical
and ethical aspects of a population. Demography
stands for measurements by statistical methods of various characteristics of
human population. Its principle concern is with population size, distribution
and growth of population of a region, nation and the world. The constituents of
growth of change are births, deaths and migration. Therefore, a demographer's
primary concern is with fertility, mortality and population transfer from one
region to another. They take keen interest in studying interaction between
social, economic and political activities and demography related processes as
size, distribution, composition and change in number determined by fertility,
mortality and migration.
The demographer study populations
with all their characteristics both at a single point and at different points
of time. Whereas the former provides valuable information for comparing various
population groups spread over space age and sex composition, vital rates,
generic composition the latter provides an opportunity to study relation
between two population in an area at two points of time, that is those aged x at a time t are survivors of those aged x-n
at the time t-n, subject to
mortality and migration. This helps projection of population and its
composition, changes in birth and death rates and also changes in expectation
of life at different ages.
John Graunt was known as founding
father of modern demography. Graunt's book Natural
and Political Observation Made upon the Bills of Mortality was the
first-ever book on experimental and theoretical demography. From the records
preserved in churches and cemeteries in London and around, Graunt studied in
great details the information recorded for each married and deceased person and
analyzed the collected information and tried to estimate, birth, death,
marriage, migration rates and their interdependence. Graunt noted that the sex
ratio at birth favored male babies. He also noted mortality changes with age.
He also observed variations in mortality and causes of mortality with time and
space. Based even on utterly inadequate information, Graunt prepared a table
for age-specific death rate. This can be regarded as the true ancestor of
modern Life table.
William Petty went a step further
and tried to relate various population statistics to social, political and
economic backdrop. Even with improved techniques of analyze and interpret many
population issues. Petty tried to find answer to some such complex issues even
though there was no apt technology to support his analysis and research. He
tried population projections, and to show how urbanization was related to
economic and social structure, to understand population structure and
distribution in relation to active age
group in the population, he gave considerable thought to problems of
unemployment and partial employment and other social problems and tried to
estimate gross national productivity.
Monday, April 27, 2015
POPULATION GROWTH IN ASIA AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR
According to world data sheet
2003, 60.67 percent of the world population lived in Asia. Asia is the house of
75 percent of those living in developing regions. Asia's share to the world
population is likely to come down to 58.5 percent in 2050. Six out of 10 most
populous countries are in Asia. These countries are China 1304 million, India
1065 million, Indonesia 220 million, Pakistan 154 million Bangladesh 146
million and Japan 128 million.
The population growth rate was
2.0 percent per-year in 1950-55 in this continent and reached a high of 2.4
percent in 1965-70, gradually declining thereafter. The estimated growth rate
in 2000-5 is 1.3 percent. Average Crude Death Rate in Asia has reached nine per
thousand populations. But Afghanistan the Crude Death Rate is 21 per thousand,
death rates in all other countries are below 14. Kuwait and UAE have attained
Crude Death Rate 2, probably lowest anywhere in the world. Afghanistan has the
highest Crude Birth Rate 47 per thousand in the continent. Yemen's Crude Birth
Rate 45 per thousand and few other countries still have exceedingly high birth
rate with the result that these countries are still growing at an alarming
rate, beyond 3 percent. Both Crude Birth
Rate and Crude Death Rate vary considerably between sub-region and between
countries in the same-regions. Death rates in most countries have stabilized at
a much lower level.
Asia has the second highest
current growth rate, only after Africa. Much of the decline in population
growth rate in Asia is attributable to drastic reduction of fertility in China.
From per year growth rate around 1.8 percent in China, the same in 2000-5 is
estimated to have come down to only 0.7. There has been a birth rate reduction
by 8-10 points after 1980. Between 1965-70 and 1980-85 the aggressive birth
reduction policy in China brought down the per year growth rate from 2.9 to 1.5
percent, nearly a 50 percent reduction just in 20 years. Current growth rate in
China is likely to be around 0.5 percent per year.
Fertility has decline
substantially in most of the major Asian countries from seventies in the last
century and more countries have joined them since the eighties. Average birth rate
has fallen from 28-31 in the eighties to about 21 in 2000-5. Crude Death Rate
in the eighties was already in 10-11 brackets. It has dropped by another 3-4
points in the last 20 years. However, mortality under age 5 and IMR are still
quite high. By the mid-eighties the life expectancy in many countries reached
60 years. The current life expectancy on average is estimated at 67 years.
Japan has the highest expectation of life, 82 years.
Both Young Age Dependency and old
Age Dependency in Asia are very close to world average. Population density is
highest in the Asian continent per 120/km square. Except Western Asia, the map
is almost the same in all sub-regions in this regard. The range of urbanization
varies widely. All the countries in Eastern Asian except China have very high
urban population, between 57 and 100 percent like Hong Kong. The proportion of
urban population is considerably low in Asia. In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
has an average of 31 percent of the population living in urban areas. Bhutan is
the only country in the region which has single digit proportion of urban
population.
Malthusian Population Theory
Thomas Robert Malthus was the
first person who spoke about problem of population growth. Population Theory
was the first theory for population study which was published by Malthus. At
that time British government as well as entire European government haughty to
expand their colony so they wanted to adequate military force and economy.
Therefore, they were towards the aspect of population growth in order to get
the both military force and economy. In other hand, many industrial hosts also
wanted to expand their industrial activities for enough profit. So they wanted
more people in their state for work in industrial field. European learnt
William Godwin, Buffon, Mostesque were also aspect of population growth. At
that time population growth had been increasing in rapidly as a result there
started to decline the facilities of living support things day to day.
Therefore there were divided clearly seen two class society poor and rich in
that period. Poor class people were being poorer there had started to see
lack of food problem. Other side rich class people were being richer and
richer. Malthus was studied this situation in nearly and he found out the cause
of entire problems was by poor and unemployment and he declared that the
control of population growth was the better measure to solve the problem.
He published his essay on the
principle of population in 1798 including the measure solution of population
growth and occurring problems. He said that in his essay population growth was
harmful. But his that opinion was criticism rapidly at that time. After than,
he improved his concept, weakness and deficient on first essay and published
next essay "An essay on the principle of population as it affects for the
future improvement of society" this essay is known as the complete theory
of Malthus.
Two postulates of Malthusian Theory
First, food is necessary to the
existence of men.
Second, the rage between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly
in its present state.
Interpretation of Malthusian Theory:
Population growth rate:
Nature gives the rage for all the
living creature for get continues their race or species. So man also not rid
from this system, man has as more rage capacity so man highly involve in sexual
intercourse. Thus, highly sexual intercourse creates high birth rate because
they have more fecundity capacity so giving offspring is increase in
geometrical ratio, 1:2:4:8:16:32:64:128 like this and population is double every
in 25 years.
Food Growth Rate:
The size of land is limited. Food
can not produce as population growth ratio but food is necessary to man for
live. So, there starts degradation of land production as a result food
production increase arithmetical ratio.
Thus, the geometrical growth
ratio of population growth rate as fast leaps the arithmetical growth ratio of
food production while increasing them and brings food problem. These problem
could not be solved by the human effort if not there would be horrible hazard,
disaster events, awful and hindered situation may creates by nature.
Malthus's measure of check for
population growth
Malthus said that population
growth would be control by human effort which is better, presented the
population growth check measure in two ways which are as follow:
Natural checks:
Malthus said that when the
population growth is high and imbalance between population and food at that
situation to make less in imbalance the nature itself brings flood, landslide,
earthquake, cholera, epidemic, lack of nutrition food, scarcity of food for
long time, drought that decline and kills man and population become less and
being balance between population and food.
Malthus believed that nature is
powerful and it itself can control the population if there is lack of human
efforts to control growth of population.
Preventive checks:
According to Malthus the
population growth control is more horrible and awful by nature, so human should
be active and use artificial checks itself to control population growth. He
gave two systems for to control population; a) Moral Restraints, according
to this view, to get delay marriage, celibacy, self-control, not to give births
are the moral restraints measure it helps to bring down the birth rate. b)
Artificial Restraints, according to Malthus, prostitution, abortion and
an unshackled intercourse could be a powerful incitement to early attachments.
He advised that women to remain unmarried till the age of twenty-eight. He
regarded the artificial birth controls as vice or sin.
POPULATION GROWTH AFTER SECOND WORLD
At the beginning of mid-seventies
the average world population growth rate started to decline from a highly of
2.1 percent in 1965-70 to about 1.6 percent in 2000. However, even with
population growth rate curtailed, the absolute increase every year is still
higher than that in the previous year. It is mostly because of the expanding
population base. Since 1950 there have added around 2,000 million and still are
adding around 75-80 million every year. UNDP estimates that the average annual
growth rate between 2003 and 2015 would be around 1.1 percent. Even if this
growth is reached, there shall be adding about 700 million by 2010 and another
400 million in the next 5 years. In 1950, about 32 percent of the world population
was from the more developed regions in 1995, this came down to about 27 percent
and in 2000 their share was down to about 23 percent and then to only 18
percent in 2008. By 2050, the developed county's share is likely to be only 14
percent. Between 1950 and 2000, the population in the developed regions
increased by 50 percent while the developing regions increased by 170 percent.
Africa's population, currently growing faster than any other major region, is
estimated to account for 21 percent of world population by 2050, up from just 9
percent in 1950.
There were 1 billion populations
in 1804. After 123 years this population reached 2 billion in 1927. The
population growth rate grew in rapidly and world population reached 3 billion
in 1960 by the 33 year later from in 1927. After 14 year later from 1960 the
world population reached 4 billion in 1974. In 1987 and 1999 world population
reached respectively 5 and 6 billion. In the present world population have
reached 7 billion. There is estimated
the world population will reach 8 and 9 billion respectively in 2028 and 2054.
Thursday, April 23, 2015
Economic Theory of Population
Scientists through many
disciplines have contributed generously on issues relating population growth
and the well initial stage of people, resource management, industrial
development, pollution control and other many more. The economists as a class
stand out clearly by the volume they have written on population and have
established how modernization, industrial development and above all the quality
of life are intimately related to birth rate and population growth in a
society.
In the world for a long time is
divided between two clusters of nations in one cluster is the nation that have
achieved a very commendable control over birth rate thereby bringing the
population growth rate to a near stationary condition and the countries in the
other cluster still continue with high population growth rate. The first group
countries are industrially and economically well ahead of others. They use the
most sophisticated technology both in industrial and agricultural production
and have a decent standard of living. The countries in the second cluster are
not only economically far behind the nations in the first group, their economy
is still largely dependent on traditional agriculture and their standard of
living is well behind in comparison with the developed countries. Demographic
forecasts are that fluctuations will be a dominant feature than a secular trend
in future fertility scenario in modern industrial developed population. In less
industrially developed population the fertility decline will show a secular
trend. It is therefore no wonder that the economists dominate in the debate and
discussion on population.
Saturday, April 4, 2015
Malthusian Population Theory
Thomas Robert Malthus was the
first person who spoke about problem of population growth. Population Theory
was the first theory for population study which was published by Malthus. At
that time British government as well as entire European government haughty to
expand their colony so they wanted to adequate military force and economy.
Therefore, they were towards the aspect of population growth in order to get
the both military force and economy. In other hand, many industrial hosts also
wanted to expand their industrial activities for enough profit. So they wanted
more people in their state for work in industrial field. European learnt
William Godwin, Buffon, Mostesque were also aspect of population growth. At
that time population growth had been increasing in rapidly as a result there
started to decline the facilities of living support things day to day.
Therefore there were divided clearly seen two class society poor and rich in
that period. Poor class people were being poorer there had started to see
lack of food problem. Other side rich class people were being richer and
richer. Malthus was studied this situation in nearly and he found out the cause
of entire problems was by poor and unemployment and he declared that the
control of population growth was the better measure to solve the problem.
Wednesday, April 1, 2015
Demographic Transition Theory
Demography transition theory is known scientific
theory and modern concept in the field of population study. This theory
developed on the basis of real and historical events than other theories. This
theory developed from the experience of developed industrial western countries
but this is important for developing countries as well. Transition of
population may call the revolution in population or demography cycle. It is
also call the complete expansion describe from high stage to low stage of
population. In the high stage showed there was high birth rate and high death
rate so population is stable and low stable stage shows the low birth rate and
low death rate so population growth is stable.
Tuesday, March 31, 2015
C.P. Blacker' demographic transition model
There many demographer and have difference perspective
on transition stages. C.P. Blacker has presented five stages of transition
phase. These are as follow:
- High stationary population: This stage is similar
to Thomson and Notestein's high potential growth. In a very underdeveloped
economy and traditional social system, the difference in the birth and
death rates is negligible and therefore the population is almost
stationary with irregular fluctuations. Famine and epidemic regularly take
heavy tolls on life. He said that 22 percent of world population was at
this stage till 1930.
- Early expansion stage: fulfillment of food supply brought by higher yields in agriculture and better transportation prevent death due to starvation. Frequent famine and epidemic were under some control, medical facilities were extended to common man, preventive medicines put some check on infections diseases, death rate started to fall slowly but birth rate however continues to stay almost at the biological limit. As a result, the population starts to growth. C.P. estimated that 40 percent of world population was at this stage in 1930.
Sunday, March 22, 2015
Optimistic view of population
According to follower of these view the inter-dependent of
population growth and resources take positive relation and different problem of
human society can be solved by using science and technology. Human are not only
weight for earth without skill and technology but also can increase capacity
and productivity of available sources by using their own knowledge, forethought
and skill. People can fulfill their need using multidimensional environmental
resources. They believe science and technology is involuntary sources not
alternative of natural sources and human society has got many facilities in
difference way from science and technological sources. So, it is also called
technological optimists thought. Supporter of technological development,
believe that human able to solve any problem that is created by human
activities. Geologist Martin Lewis expresses his thought on world as one of
abundance and opportunity. Follower of these view focuses on only human’ wining
on natural resources and pleasure by taking positive development of science and
technology’ good events. Progress of technology blindly believe on bringing
happiness and prosperous to human society and they do not measure environmental
crisis that brings common and publicly from science and technology.
Optimistic view of population
According to follower of these view the inter-dependent of
population growth and resources take positive relation and different problem of
human society can be solved by using science and technology. Human are not only
weight for earth without skill and technology but also can increase capacity
and productivity of available sources by using their own knowledge, forethought
and skill. People can fulfill their need using multidimensional environmental
resources. They believe science and technology is involuntary sources not
alternative of natural sources and human society has got many facilities in
difference way from science and technological sources. So, it is also called
technological optimists thought. Supporter of technological development,
believe that human able to solve any problem that is created by human
activities. Geologist Martin Lewis expresses his thought on world as one of
abundance and opportunity. Follower of these view focuses on only human’ wining
on natural resources and pleasure by taking positive development of science and
technology’ good events. Progress of technology blindly believe on bringing
happiness and prosperous to human society and they do not measure environmental
crisis that brings common and publicly from science and technology.
Under Population Region
The term under population refers the less population, weak
manpower and weak technology for extreme use of natural resources and services
where available natural resources is strong than human manpower. There are more
possibilities to increase the life standard and prosperity of community by
using adequate available natural resources. But there is no acceptable manpower
as natural resources. So there natural resources and services is getting loss
without any reason. Southern world’ evergreen
forest of Brazil, Amazon, Congo lays such region. Such world region where could
not bring utilization of resources and experience lack of required population
for complete utilize of sources. There is found, these types of region
distribute and using their own sources from combination, business and support
system of over population region. But, there may increase external interference
and exploitation so rapidly degrading the natural resources there can be found
many result from deforestation and vicious cycle of poverty in Africa and
southern America’ countries. Whereas developed countries using their technology
for their benefit. There has more or less utility condition of natural
resources by the cause of uses of polar region of earth, oceanic region and
space for residence because of materialized civilization and human selfish
nature.
Saturday, March 21, 2015
Over Population Region
The term over population refers the imbalance condition of
population and environmental resources where Population is more than
environmental resources and services. It is fact that, human need clean and
adequate natural resources and service for live. But there is inequality
distribution system of population in the world. Somewhere extremely over
population has been concentration and uses of resources steps the threshold.
Changing population has brought great challenge and decline the life standard.
Tuesday, March 17, 2015
Pessimistic view of population
Supporter of this view believes environment crisis is
brought by growing human’ wasteful uses and highly exploitation of natural
resources while fulfilling their need. Many people fight and struggle for few
resources to get lower service and need in their life when the world reaches in
critical stage because population growth rate increase in geometrical ratio and
food in arithmetical ratio. Food is
Balance population and Resources
It has long relation between human and environment. Our
living natural and social environment is directly impact by development of
technology and progress of science of human activities. So, present pattern of
world development, social value, economical system and dynamic demography is
moving on from inter-dependent of environment and human population. There are
different views about changing sequence occurring on earth by adding mode of
social economical development and interrelation between uses of resources,
distribution character and changing size of population.
Monday, March 16, 2015
Population Growth and Eco-system
There was ecology stability and warm, nearest and harmonious
relation between human and environment for long time with out negative carrying
effect of human on environment carrying capacity. But population growth took
rapid motion and seriously impact on using ecological services and also some
services are ruined that was coming from yore period. Difference environmental
Concept of Eco-system
Generally, Eco-system is called the system of ecology. There
is created different unit, organization or spatial on earth interrelation of
biological community and their environment that process helps for moving biotic
living cycle continuous in ecology. The
level of power and material flows from low to high level in environment.
Eco-system refers the functional and structural unit of biological
Concept of Ecology
Ecology is functional structure of natural environment. The
word ecology uses as science and providing knowledge about how the biological
elements function with natural environment and adopt their structure. Simply,
ecology should be understood as study area of why and how cycle taking place
between biotic and abiotic element and material in our surrounding environment.
Ecology is the
Saturday, March 14, 2015
Population Change
There was very slow motion in population growth before 1650
AD in the history of population change. There was estimated about 250 million
total population in the world in 1 AD. It took 1650 years to reach 500 million
populations in the world. World population reached 1 billion in 1820. In 1930
and in 1975 the world population reached 3 & 4 billion. Population growth
rate has seen rapid way so world population can be seen 5 billion in 1987.
There are more than 7 billion populations in present world.
Greenhouse effect
Sun light keeps warm atmosphere and earth surface. The
worming process is growing day to day by sun light on atmosphere. Greenhouse
effect is called the process of warming atmosphere and earth surface by causes
of human productive carbon dioxide and Methane gases. Generally, sun light
coming process on earth and reflection towards space as radiation move on
naturally that makes constant temperature on atmosphere and being warm on
earth. But, difference causes product carbon dioxide and Methane gases on
atmosphere as green gases these gases block the infrared ray of sun from
reflection towards space. That’s way radiation sum as heat atom so greenhouse
impact. It is also called global warming.
Sources of Greenhouse
Gases
- carbon dioxide gas is origin from
natural gas, oil, coal, as biological flue industrial activities, heating
power center and suing vehicle.
- Chloroform
carbon (CFCS) gas is origin from refrigerator, air conditioner, plastic
form factory.
- Methane
gas is origin from domestic dirt and garbage.
- Nitrite
oxide gas is origin from increasing and decreasing process of nitrogen atom,
forest and grass land conflagration and fire of biological flue.
Global Environment Status
Present global environmental status is moving dynamical
process from complex interconnection of difference causes and effects. Rapid
population growth, lack of living support goods and resources, raring of flue power,
water and air pollution, deterioration of habitation, depletion of natural
resources and environment situation is in serious challenge for the present
world. Human life style has reached crisis situation. The entire world is in
problematic stage from lack of living sources and goods, environment pollution
and degradation of natural
Thursday, March 12, 2015
Biological Environment
It is moving on action and reaction between biological
factors on the surface if earth and made biological layer is called biological
environment. Small, big, one cell and multi-cell, aquatic, land and amphibian
and million numbers of plants and animals fall in biological environment.
Biological world is built from the
Physical Environment
The condition of physical power, natural organic, inorganic
and combination of nonliving things is called physical environment. The origin
of cause, factor, power and process are also known as physical environment.
Solar power, topography-shape, elements, mountain, hill, atmosphere, structure, water
cycle, river is known as aspect of physical environment factor. All available
elements on earths are aspect of physical environment which helps to create
physical and biotic matter. Solar system, radiation, evaporation and sedimentation
are the main process of physical environment. Solar power, gravity force and
spring changing power build cloud, water, landslide and hill. Above process and
factors are known as environmental process. Light, temperature, wind, water,
pressure, heat, humidity, topography, slope, land, soil, grow of soil,
composition of soil, water cycle, ocean, river are aspect of physical
environment.
Water cycle, gases cycle and sedimentation cycle change
physical factor into physical and nonphysical factor. These processes develop
and manage nutrient store system as result there origin creature.
In perspective of social group, scientific rule and process,
natural environment is the strong control power over human activities. Human as
well biotic objects can adopt natural environment as their biodiversity
capacity and circumstantial condition. Creatures can’t adopt environment, they
loss their existence from environment.
Temperature
Temperature is an important abiotic factor of environment.
It is called changing heat (flue) of light. It is constant in differently every
objects & animal feature. It is measured Celsius unit. Temperature is
changeable factor of environment. So that, its impact fall more on biosphere.
Temperature plays an important role for living food, habitation, migration,
distribution, fertility, growth, development, coloration and existence of
bio-world. Temperature is need according to deference of species’ age and
ecological condition. Temperature is important for definite distribution
biosphere. Evaporation and elimination process is rapid in high temperature
some animal can die in low temperature,
Some of them migrate and some hibernation. Specific
structure prepare for plant and animal to live in very low temperature. Such
as, leaf falls in winter but plant is alive. Snake, lizard, toad and salamander
hide under the land in winter season. Beer, deer and some birds migrate cold to
hot place and return their previous inhabit place arrival of spring
season.
Metabolism, reproduction, growth, development, sex ratio,
coloration and morphology of plants and animals are determinate by temperature.
Temperature impact on sex ratio for example Daphnia small insect give birth
only female species in low temperature and both male and female gives birth
equally in high temperature. Temperature is an important aspect to exist the
environment in own condition.
The wasteful activities of human the level of temperature is
growing every year. Deforestation is main cause to increase temperature. When
deforestation take place absorb capacity of carbon dioxide is decreased. As
result, many problems are seeing on atmosphere, biosphere and other aspects.
Environmental degradation
Generally, environmental degradation means depletion of
quality of environmental factors. Entire biological factors are facing the
negative impact of environmental degradation on their daily activities human
beings involve depletion activity. Human is main agents for depletion of
quality of environmental. They use available environment haphazardly.
In broad meaning, environmental degradation means the
negative impact on eco-system or deviation on ecological system. Environmental
degradation, environmental depletion, environmental deterioration,
environmental damage or environmental pollution is known as the synonym words use
for describe depletion of environmental quality. Thus, the negative changing
impact on ecological situation and quality is called environmental degradation.
Environmental degradation is overall lowering of
environmental qualities and adverse changes brought our buy man in natural
resources such and land degradation, deforestation, water quality depletion,
air and water pollution and deteriorating quality of human beings. Social
problem of ecology is known as the crisis of natural and environmental problem
which is origin from human activities. Environmental hazards are those extreme
events caused by natural process and human activities that make adjustment
difficult property losses and lives.
Environmental degradation process is created by human
beings. After that, environmental depletion creates deterioration of human
beings and ecological system.
Human in environment
Economic and physical development take place rapid way from
initial period of scientific technology develop in 19th century by
the concept of quality life standard. Increasing use of new discovery
technology and chemical was developing from 1950 decade. The world’s
development activity is being main cause to destroy environment in world
widely. Directly or indirectly facing environment problem by human in present
world which is created by owns self.
There is green house effect, acid rain, ozone layer
depletion, desertification, climate change appearing unreal on biosphere by
increasing of uncontrolled urbanization, expansion of dirt and pollution. As
well as, rapid forest destruction, soil erosion, flood, land slide, storm, and
hazard-able events are increasing and expansion in the present world. Chemical pollution
and nuclear pollution is growing dangerously along with rapid development of
industries as result entire world’s people commonly facing environment problem
which is growing in world. It should understand human also apart organ of
environment. Human can’t save their existence beyond natural environment
because human also gift of nature. Therefore, human should be conscious while
using natural resources and daily livelihood environmental activities.
Own food store cycle is secure when secure while other
creatures and plants food cycle secure. No less authority to secure for
biosphere creatures and plants on earth. To live equally authority is known as
environmental authority.
Human mostly depend on environment so we use natural
resources in proper way to mange and use it to save for new coming generation
is today’s main duties of world population.
Poverty and environment degradation
Generally, poverty is known as the condition of unable to
attempt on access need economics. According to world development report 2010,
decreasing of poverty and management of climate change is standing as great
challenge for world society. According to latest world population statistical
data sheet, there are 2.8 billion people in extreme level of poverty in the
world. The report shows the income is less $ 2.
The World Bank present on own report, in south continent countries about
50 percent people are living low standard life.
World Band (2010) there is still 1.2 billion very poor
people in developing countries with an annual in come of less than $ 370. Many
new babies are born in poor family and struggle to live in poor environment.
Poverty is more than lack of income it result from lack of access to health
care, education, productive assets and secure livelihood. There are several
linkages between poverty and environment. The poor of the world mostly live in
the ecologically fragile or sensitive area. They have become both the victims
and the agents of environmental degradation.
Thus, the cycle of poverty illness, scarcity and limited
opportunities can become a self sustaining process that passes from survival
needs and few options, these unfortunate poor people often have no choice to
over harvest natural and environmental resources. In doing so, they diminish
their own opportunities and also those of future generations.
The demand of food, flue, inhabit place, fulfill services
are increased of population growth it all activities directly damage on
environment pressure of increasing population create degradation and depletion
of natural resources.
Population Growth & Environment Degradation
There are estimated about 3 million creatures and plants
inhabited on earth. About 50 thousand insects, 2.50 thousand plants, 41
thousand vertebra and remaining invertebrate
creatures and micro species and plants are on earth. There are many
plants and creatures are remaining to introduce. These creatures and plants
contribute to keep balance between natural environment and eco-system internal
and external interaction. Plant makes its food itself and making food other.
Dead body of creature buried when it rotten and mix on soil it change into
nutrition for plants. This system of interaction is conducting the food
changing cycle between creature and plant. The more sue of natural resources
increasing day to day population growth along with produce of luxurious goods.
The sensible creature is known as human on earth but human only try to hold the
environment in hand. Human rapidly use of natural resources’ raw material for
industry’s system occurring deviation in natural eco-system. The pressure of
artificial environment create dangerous situation towards. Entire creatures,
plants and abiotic things’ exist is getting crisis by the irrational activities
of human being. Their existence is getting danger by the cause of crisis of
rare habitable place which live only depend on nature.
Generally, natural situation is changing in its rule. By
this cause to appear new creature and destroy sequence is also moving itself.
As result, there is probability to disappear one kind of creature during nine
to twelve months. It is known as natural action in its rule. But, there are 48
kinds creatures and plants are raring per day from earth for all situation is
moving. According that raring cycle
increasing in biodiversity in coming 3 decade 15 to 50 kinds of creatures are
rare from earth for all. It is not natural cause increasing crisis on
biodiversity; it is as result of human’s lack of rational behaviors on
environment. As result we can’t help to say human existence in danger situation.
Population and Natural Resources
There is created a great problem by the rapid population growth and unequal distribution of population in the world. The relationship between natural resources is differ and province the effect of unequal distribution of world population. According to latest world population data sheet(2010), developed countries carrying below 20 percent world population but there total capacity to access on natural sources more than 80 percent using north developed countries only. The developing countries carrying 80 percent world population but their capacity to access on natural resources below 20 percent. Asian continent is only carrying more than 60 percent world population. But in Australia continent the carrying capacity population ratio is 0.5 percent only. Asian continent’s the high dense population countries China and India carrying 40 percent world population.
The world population growth rate, size and movement unbalance situation is occurring by the effect of war, fighting, division of world. By the all causes, in 1945, the great change came in population growth distribution direction in the history of world population. Israel was born in new country, such Pakistan, Bangladesh countries were divided. African countries took freedom way and moved ahead. Totally, in Asian continent countries create ecological imbalance by increasing dense pressure of population. Adding and increasing awful situation in south Asian continent countries. Such as, Nepal and other developing countries 60 percent people are obligation to live blew poverty line. The population pressure on earth is increasing unacceptably. Population growth directly effect on environment condition. Environment is known as the common house of biotic and abiotic objects. But, the sources of environment is only using sensible creature human in unfavorable way. So that, ecological condition, Eco-system and entire environment situation is getting worse day to day. The highly competition of development is creating worse situation for other important creature. Some of them are losing by unfavorable environment to them. As result, bad situation is occurring on environment.
It should be kept balance between population growth rate and environmental carrying capacity. If human do not do this it can’t say tomorrow human also disappear for all.
Relationship among Population and Environment
Process of human development population, environment and
pattern of development process are interrelated each other. Entire social and
economical activities of human society are depending on environment resources.
World agricultural production system,
production of industry goods, types of human in-habitation, population, natural
resources and environmental situation is interrelated each other. Population
growth, environment situation and development process should understand
reciprocal nature in each other.
Tuesday, March 10, 2015
Introduction
Introduction
Ecological human population is changing as other biological
community. There are many qualitative new approaches and capacity has been
developed by change of large size of population. To find out the problem and
search new technological tools and using it in the field of solve the
population related problems. It has taken great achievement of population
growth and expansion. Entire human civilization history has been showing
remaining to develop and use of complete human capacity and attitude.
Population growth is main cause to adding human related problem, pressure on
earth and malpractices. It is not only, the terrorizing condition is occurring
by the expansion of rapid population growth but also the process of growth and
develops of natural limit reach in sorrow able condition. Every second 3 babies
are born and adding 5000 new face in the earth per day. Either these babies
born in developed country America or born in developing country in Nepal the
adding goods and need amounts are decreasing which is available on earth’s
surface. Ecological service, natural source and carrying capacity of earth
condition about lead the nature of world population growth. Extreme wrong
condition will come on human society in future if the rapid growth rate and
trends are checked and to balance between present population growth and
environmental condition and natural resources.
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