Sunday, August 30, 2015

Duke University


Duke University could be a personal analysis university settled in Durham, North geographical region, us, supported by Methodists and Quakers within the contemporary city of Trinity in 1838, the college rapt to Durham in 1892. This University was established in 1924; by Chief Executive Duke was tobacco and wattage businessman. At that period the establishment modified its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke.

Friday, August 14, 2015

Environmental Degradation by Population Growth


To most of the people growth of human population at alarming rate at least in the present century is the most significant cause of the lowering of environment quality and ecological balance. In fact, there are conflicting ideas and views regarding the exact principal cause of environmental degradation wherein the lowering of environmental quality and ecological imbalance have been assigned to overpopulation, or to the failures of the social system or to modern technologies.

Industrial Development and Environmental Degradation


Industrial due to advancement in science and technology started in 1860 England and soon spread over Western Europe and North America. No doubt rapid rate of industrial development has given economic prosperity to human society, has given new dimension to socio-economic structure and has provided material comfort to the people of industrially developed countries but it has also created many-fold environment problems. In fact, the glittering effects of industrialization have so greatly affected the mind of the general public that industrialization is now being considered as the parameter of modernity and as a necessary element of socio-economic development of nation.

Saturday, July 18, 2015

Cause of earthquakes


Earthquakes are caused due to disequilibrium in any part of the crust of the earth. A number of caused have been assigned to cause disequilibrium in the earth's crust such as volcanic eruptions, faulting and folding, up warping and down warping, hydrostatic pressure of man-made water bodies like reservoirs and lakes, and late the plate movements. The occurrence of severe devastating earthquake of San Fransisco (U.S.A) in 1960 led H.F. Reid, one of the official investigators of San Fransisco Earthquake Disaster, to advance his important ELASTIC REBOUNB THEORY to explain the mode and causes of earthquake mainly caused by fractures and faults in the earth's crust and upper mantle. Recently, PLATE TECTONIC THEORY has been accepted as the most plausible explanation of earthquakes.

Natural hazards


Natural environmental hazards and disasters involve comparatively rare high-intensity processes and extreme events caused by both terrestrial and atmospheric processes. The study of natural hazards includes the consideration of identification of specific events, finding of their causative factors, assessment of their impacts on human and other biological communities, prediction of such events and finding their remedial measures. Natural hazards fall in two broad categories (1) planetary hazards and (2) extra-planetary hazards or extra-terrestrial natural hazards.

Thursday, July 16, 2015

Aspect and approaches to environmental management


On an average environmental management involves (1) judicious and gainful utilization of natural resources for socio-economic development and (2) Maintenance of environmental quality by perusing ecological principle. Broader objectives of environmental management include (i) to restrict and regulate the exploitation and utilization of natural resources, mainly non-renewable natural resources; (ii) to regenerate degraded environment and to renew natural resources (iii) to control environmental degradation and pollution (iv) to reduce the impacts of extreme events and natural disaster (v) to make optimum utilization of natural resources by recycling and reusing waste materials produced from one activity to another economically and environmentally viable activity (vi) to review and revise the existing technologies of production in terms of their adverse effects on the environment (vii) to formulate laws and regulations for the implementation of environment protection and conservation programs to maintain the environment quality.

Sunday, June 21, 2015

International Co-operations for Environmental Management


The international communities are well aware and seized of global environmental and ecological problems and various efforts have been initiated to control global warming and halt probable climate change. There are several organization, government agencies, intergovernmental agencies, non-government organizations (NGO) which have undertaken various action plan and projects to study the relationships between man and environment interactions between man and nature, the environmental problems resulting there from and remedial measures therefore.

Sunday, June 14, 2015

Major Global Problems



The most significant global environment problem faced by the world community is related to global environmental changes consequent upon global warming resulting from a host of causal factors viz. ozone depletion, emission of greenhouse gases at alarming increasing rate, deforestation etc. the probable net result of global warming would be climatic change at local, regional and global levels.

Saturday, June 13, 2015

Acid Rain


Acid rain fall-out of acids caused by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with rainfall and thus increases in the amount of acidity of rainwater. As pointed   out above rainwater is not pure because atmospheric carbon dioxide is dissolved in the rainwater which thus because moderately acidic, the pH being generally 5. The water with Ph value of 7.0 is called neutral water whereas the pH value below it makes the water alkaline. The water becomes more injurious when the pH fall below 4.
Sulphur dioxide emitted from man made sources in large quantities into the atmosphere combines with water to form sulphur and sulphuric acids (H2SO4). These acids fall on the earth's surface with rainfall and thus the fall of highly acidic water are called acid rain. The pH of rainwater in some localities of the USA mainly in West Virginia has gone down to 1.5 pH of rainwater in Europe is as low as 2.4 whereas the normal range of pH of neutral water must be 7.0.
The main sources of acid rains are oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which are emitted from industrial establishments and different types of vehicles. These pollutions are spread in atmosphere by wind and from acids after reacting with water in the atmosphere. It may be pointed out that acid rains are not confined to the source areas of the emissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen rather they cover much larger areas far away from the source pollutants being in gaseous phase are carried away and spread over larger areas through winds and clouds. For example, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen spewed from several mills in Germany and U.K have caused widespread acid rains in Scandinavia countries with the result most of the lakes in Scandinavia countries have lost their biological communities and are now biologically termed as dead lakes.
Dead lake means destruction and death of all aquatic lives including plants and animals in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Acid rains also affect human community adversely, though the mode of human disease and death due to acid rains has not been properly understood as yet. The productivity of soils is also significantly lowered because of acid rains as increased acidity destroys mineral elements and other nutrients of the soils.
Acid rain is not a local problem or a problem of a particular country, rather it is an international problem because air pollutants emitted from a particular country are carried in the atmosphere by the winds and are spread over other countries. Thus the problem of acid rains should be tackled at international level.


Friday, June 12, 2015

World Common Environmental Issue


Present world is facing many environmental hazards and being problematic living support system of entire living beings. Environment is the common house for entire living and non-living things. But, the right of the other except man is losing by the human self-fish activities. Declining environmental condition is common concern matter all developed and developing countries that made think about improvement of environment condition for sustainable development and balance between sources and human. As a result many international conferences are held in order to manage environment depletion condition. These conferences find out the common issues and declare to manage.

1 Global change: - climate change, global warming, ice melting and sea level rising, change in atmosphere gaseous composition, change in water, air and soil quality, land use change, ecosystem services change and life system change.
2 Technological and Toxic Hazards, Incidence of disease infection
3 Natural resource degradation, life support bio-resource deletion, deforestation, desertification and land degradation
4 poverty, regional disparity, and inequality of development pattern
5 Loss of biodiversity and threat to cultural heritage
6 Solid waste management and technological appropriateness
7 Regional cooperation and world unity for long term solution




Monday, June 8, 2015

Common Goals of Environmental Policies


World circumstantial degradation of natural resources, wild animal, and environmental pollution has been brought every community, fund and organization and nation for conservation of environment and natural resources for long time sustainable development in common practice. Declining condition of natural environmental source, highly pressure of population, atmosphere pollution, industrial production, and production of greenhouse effect gases negatively effects on global climate change bringing challenge for biosphere global ecological situation make the world’s developed and developing countries in united for conservation of environment, sustainable development of economics, human and security for entire living system by making polices.
There has been seen many international conferences held for improve and conservation of environmental situation. Many policies and strategies have made these conferences and still applying it all the developed and developing countries. 
American geologist George Perkins published the book ‘Man and Nature’ in 1864 that notified to the American government about negative effect on ecological situation by the uncontrolled grazing and rapid chopping down tree on slope area. This is known as the first practice for environmental conservation. This message helped to the American government to build national policies in 1873 for conservation of forest and started to control the hunting activities of wild animals and species. 
The world’s common policies for conserve environmental situation
1 Maintains the essential ecological processes and life support systems on which we survive.
2 preserve the genetic diversity on which ecological processes of life support system are based.
3 Ensure the sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems which support millions of biological communities.





Sunday, June 7, 2015

Environmental Education


We know that, we can't live with out good environmental situation. But the condition of the environmental situation is getting worse day to day in our life. The awareness for improving environmental situation has been starting in 1960, and held many international conferences for conserve of environmental situation. But environmental situation is not in improving condition. These conferences declared many policies and strategies to improve environmental situation and invest much properties. Human Environmental international conference made international level government policy for conservation of biosphere in 1972 (Sweden).

Wednesday, May 20, 2015

Men's Interactions with the Environment


Men are an important part of the bio-tic component of the environment and simultaneously they are an important factor of the environment. Thus, men play important roles in the natural environmental system in different capacities such as biological, social, economic, and technological. All the natural functions of human beings such as birth, growth, health, and deaths are affected and determined by natural environment in the same manner as the cases of other organisms. However, men being most developed and advanced animal both physically and mentally and technologically, is capable of making substantial changes in natural environment so as to make it suitable for his own living.

Tuesday, May 19, 2015

Human Population and Environment


The environment affects population through biophysical limitations, behavioral controls, and resource availability. Weather and climate affects of human well-being and health. The study of attitudes of human body to changes in the atmospheric environments is known as human bio-meteorology, which lays emphasis on to establish how much of the overall biological variability the result of change in weather, climate, and season is. Three levels of climate environment affect human behavior whereas, micro-climate, which represents weather conditions surrounding an individual living thing, ecological climate, its represent weather elements of the habitat of living thing, geographical climate, weather situation of larger area unit and longer temporal span.
Human body can function properly only in certain suites of environmental conditions in terms of oxygen, heat, light, humidity and precipitation, wind, atmospheric electricity and space. Even the survival of human body depends on the above factors. Lack of required amount of oxygen at higher altitudes makes human survival impossible. Excessive heat and humidity retard body and mental growth whereas very high or very low temperature on the one hand adversely affects human body and on the other hand makes food a scarce commodity to support human life.
Various combinations of environment factors have not only affected but conditioned racial characteristics in different parts of the earth's surface. Environment also effect conditions thoughts, ideologies, and culture of human being. Other hand social, economic, and political behaviors influenced to certain extent by man's perception of environmental factor and his response to these factors. Frequency and magnitude of extreme natural events and environmental factors like earthquake, floods, droughts, landslides, and atmospheric storms influence man's perception of natural environment and decide his reactions and response to these events.
The most significant aspect of the environment of the environment in influencing human activity is the availability of natural resources. The rich or poor quality and quantity all the availability of renewable and non-renewable resources decide the type of human activities towards economic viability, social organizations, political stability, and international relations. In matter of fact, the level of economic development largely depends on natural resources.



Thursday, May 7, 2015

Demography and Economics


The meaningful contribution to demography both in theory and application has come from economists. Population studies are being an essential part of course contents in graduate studies in economics. Population size, its distribution and skill quality ate key factors in the total production and utilization process. Labor supply and labor productivity are dependent upon the size and skill composition of the population supply. Resource management, employment generation and distortion in income distribution are key issues that confront today's economists more than what they did hundred years back. There can be no uncertainty that raising the level of living of people is very closely related to the population growth.
Population explosion in the developing countries has left some of their economic programs. Investment priorities of economic and development planning have often been derailed by the rapid population growth. Globalization and cheap labor in the developing countries have become contentious issues in World Tread Organization. Economic issues have effects direct or indirect on fertility, mortality, emigration and immigration, population density, migration towards urban from rural and many human activities.


Demography and Anthropology


These both disciplines share human population as their research subject though they focus on complementary aspects. Demography's primary concern is with the dynamic forces defining population size and structure and their variation across time and space, social and cultural anthropology focuses on the social organization shaping people's production and reproduction. Given these different focuses the methodological approaches too are quite different demography's stress is on collected data, mathematical modeling and the estimation testing system, anthropology is mostly qualitative based on case studies and inductive. Anthropological demography an emerging branch uses anthropological theory and methods to investigate demographic events. The main theoretical concepts in anthropological demography are known as culture, gender, religious institutions and political economy. Generally, its theoretical research approach includes a mix of quantitative and qualitative methodologies applied to case studies. The ethnographic research and participant observation are often central to this approach as is interpretative reading o primary data historical material.   

Anthropologists tend to be skeptical about demographer's emphasis on statistical representative their comparable nature of data collected through standardized surveys, they claim that the demographer's pay little attention to their validity of the data, to the analytically models and their interpretation. Despite such divergences scholars in both disciplines have occasionally come together, working in multidisciplinary research teams, and created complex research models to build on mutual strengths and reduce disciplinary limitations thus launching their field of anthropological demography. Anthropological demography within demography is still evolving.

Sunday, May 3, 2015

Demography and Sociology

Demography and Sociology both considered as man as a social animal and that as a unit of society human being have to perform a series of activities both as an individual as also as a partner of a larger group. A sociologist uses demography as a tool and supplies of social space for understanding social relations, social issues, social interactions, social reactions and the evolution and continuation of social processes. The study of population would be largely incomplete and could be misleading too if social and cultural issues do not receive the attention it deserves. Demography is not simply a study of population compositions, sex ratio in the population, prevailing or changing birth rate, death rate, migration rate and marriage rate. They are meaningful only in the context of social, cultural and economic background of the human aggregate under scrutiny.

When the demography viewed as an applied science, has closest relation with sociology since study of composition and distribution of a population cannot be understood without reference to the social environment that foster them. When structures and compositions are to be understood about a population, the frequently used criterion is social.

It has a strong social base on both fertility and migration; often they are treated as part of a social phenomenon. Even change in death rates especially age-sex specific death rates and marriage rates are mutual related to social customs and cultural determinants.

The population policy which basically is a demographic issue is discussed and debated in social, cultural and economic context. The measures recommended and practiced for controlling birth rate differ from one country to another primarily because of the social and cultural circumstances prevailing in those countries.


A representative mutual relation appears to exist between social status on the one hand and fertility and mortality on the other. Class position has proved ascendancy over others in explaining fertility, expectation of life and even some of the principle causes of mortality and morbidity in a population.

Saturday, May 2, 2015

MACRO-AND MICRO DEMOGRAPHY


The difference between macro and micro study lies in the size of the study aspects unit used in data collection and analysis. Marco Demography studies the total population of a region or country or aggregate of people known to share a common culture or genetic origin or some other common social, economical or other characteristics. Usually the units for macro-demographic studies are the continents, nations or the states or larger administrative units within a country. The studies of slow or rapid growth rate of population birth rate, death rate, sex ratio, dependency ratio, migration, public health system etc. are examples of macro demography. Many other issues as literacy rate, employment, income distribution, proportion-consumption, and living standards, relation between population and economic development and environment are the part of macro-demography.
Units of micro-demography are not only small they are included the larger macro-demography. They constitute the internal or primary elements of macro analysis. This unit is totally dependent on the basic an autonomous units of macro-demography. Micro-demography studies the nature of changes in some of the demographic characteristics of a population group that influence the structure and distribution of the population or help bring some readjustment in population groups. The micro-demography uses individual, family, small community or village as the unit for understanding causal connections to some of the changes observed in the population groups.

Some examples of macro and micro demography:-

Macro mortality studies: - role of vaccination reduction of small pox, polio regional differences in infant mortality; causes of mortality in the country.

Micro-mortality studies: - some communities have reservation against polio vaccination? Role of education in public health awareness; do parents discriminate sons and daughter in matters relating to their health and education?

Macro-fertility study: - the relation between birth rate and economic development, urbanization and industrialization, the differences in birth rate between rural and urban population, religion and birth control etc. often are objectives of macro-fertility study.

Micro-fertility studies: - what is an ideal family size? Cost of rearing a child, family planning awareness and interest in birth control, need for education and aspiration for children are example of micro- fertility studies.

Macro- migration studies: - net migration rate by regions, type of migration in Asia, migration and individual development, sex difference in migration.

Micro-migration studies: - individual and family decisions behind migration, impact of immigration from one to another village or state, why is migration rate high with educated people, how has rural economy been affected by rural-urban migration?


Wednesday, April 29, 2015

DEFINITION OF DEMOGRAPHY


To define demography there need to start with by population. The influence of statistics is immense in demography. As such, population to a demographer refers to an average of people possessing some specified characteristics within a precisely defined area. We can use either geographic or social space or both to demarcate one population from another.

The credit of adding the word Demography to our vocabulary goes to Achillle Guillard. The term has variously been used in economics, geography, sociology, anthropology and other social science. They have defined the term from their own point of view to suit their conveniences. Therefore some definitions are too narrow and some are too broad to include a wide variety of things. Some definitions are as follow:


Demography is a function of fertility, mortality and migration.
                                                                                                   -Gywalli, Damother
The study of the size, composition and the distribution of population is demography.
                                                                                                         -Thomson and Lewis
Demography is the numerical analysis of the state and movement of human population inclusive of census enumerations and registration of vital processes and whatever qualitative analysis can be made of the state and the movement of population on the basis of fundamental census and registration data.
                                                                                                                      -Von Mayor
The mathematical, scientific and statistical study of the size, composition and spatial distribution of the population through the operation of five processes of fertility, mortality, marriage, migration and social mobility its long run goal is to develop theories to explain the events that is charts and compare.
                                                                                                             -Donald J. Bogue
Demography is the study of the size, territorial distribution and composition of the population changes therein and the components of such changes, which may be identified as natality, mortality, territorial movement and social mobility.
                                                                                                      -Hauser and Duncan
Scientific study of human population primary with their size, their structure and their development is demography.
                                                                                         -The Multilingual Dictionary
Demography does not deal with the behavior of individual but only with the aggregates of people or even part therefore the numerical of human population is known as demography.
                                                                                                           -W.G. Barckly


Tuesday, April 28, 2015

Demography

Statistic and scientific study of population is called Demography. It is a new science in study among other science. Achillle Guillard was the first person who used the term Demography in 1855 in his book Elements de Statistique Humaine on Demography Comparee. The term Demography is derived from two Greek words, Demos, means people and Graphein, to draw or write. Guillard used the term to denote mathematical knowledge of the social, intellectual, physical and ethical aspects of a population.  Demography stands for measurements by statistical methods of various characteristics of human population. Its principle concern is with population size, distribution and growth of population of a region, nation and the world. The constituents of growth of change are births, deaths and migration. Therefore, a demographer's primary concern is with fertility, mortality and population transfer from one region to another. They take keen interest in studying interaction between social, economic and political activities and demography related processes as size, distribution, composition and change in number determined by fertility, mortality and migration.
The demographer study populations with all their characteristics both at a single point and at different points of time. Whereas the former provides valuable information for comparing various population groups spread over space age and sex composition, vital rates, generic composition the latter provides an opportunity to study relation between two population in an area at two points of time, that is those aged x at a time t are survivors of those aged x-n at the time t-n, subject to mortality and migration. This helps projection of population and its composition, changes in birth and death rates and also changes in expectation of life at different ages.
John Graunt was known as founding father of modern demography. Graunt's book Natural and Political Observation Made upon the Bills of Mortality was the first-ever book on experimental and theoretical demography. From the records preserved in churches and cemeteries in London and around, Graunt studied in great details the information recorded for each married and deceased person and analyzed the collected information and tried to estimate, birth, death, marriage, migration rates and their interdependence. Graunt noted that the sex ratio at birth favored male babies. He also noted mortality changes with age. He also observed variations in mortality and causes of mortality with time and space. Based even on utterly inadequate information, Graunt prepared a table for age-specific death rate. This can be regarded as the true ancestor of modern Life table.

William Petty went a step further and tried to relate various population statistics to social, political and economic backdrop. Even with improved techniques of analyze and interpret many population issues. Petty tried to find answer to some such complex issues even though there was no apt technology to support his analysis and research. He tried population projections, and to show how urbanization was related to economic and social structure, to understand population structure and distribution in relation to active age group in the population, he gave considerable thought to problems of unemployment and partial employment and other social problems and tried to estimate gross national productivity. 

Monday, April 27, 2015

POPULATION GROWTH IN ASIA AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR


According to world data sheet 2003, 60.67 percent of the world population lived in Asia. Asia is the house of 75 percent of those living in developing regions. Asia's share to the world population is likely to come down to 58.5 percent in 2050. Six out of 10 most populous countries are in Asia. These countries are China 1304 million, India 1065 million, Indonesia 220 million, Pakistan 154 million Bangladesh 146 million and Japan 128 million.
The population growth rate was 2.0 percent per-year in 1950-55 in this continent and reached a high of 2.4 percent in 1965-70, gradually declining thereafter. The estimated growth rate in 2000-5 is 1.3 percent. Average Crude Death Rate in Asia has reached nine per thousand populations. But Afghanistan the Crude Death Rate is 21 per thousand, death rates in all other countries are below 14. Kuwait and UAE have attained Crude Death Rate 2, probably lowest anywhere in the world. Afghanistan has the highest Crude Birth Rate 47 per thousand in the continent. Yemen's Crude Birth Rate 45 per thousand and few other countries still have exceedingly high birth rate with the result that these countries are still growing at an alarming rate, beyond  3 percent. Both Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate vary considerably between sub-region and between countries in the same-regions. Death rates in most countries have stabilized at a much lower level.
Asia has the second highest current growth rate, only after Africa. Much of the decline in population growth rate in Asia is attributable to drastic reduction of fertility in China. From per year growth rate around 1.8 percent in China, the same in 2000-5 is estimated to have come down to only 0.7. There has been a birth rate reduction by 8-10 points after 1980. Between 1965-70 and 1980-85 the aggressive birth reduction policy in China brought down the per year growth rate from 2.9 to 1.5 percent, nearly a 50 percent reduction just in 20 years. Current growth rate in China is likely to be around 0.5 percent per year.  
Fertility has decline substantially in most of the major Asian countries from seventies in the last century and more countries have joined them since the eighties. Average birth rate has fallen from 28-31 in the eighties to about 21 in 2000-5. Crude Death Rate in the eighties was already in 10-11 brackets. It has dropped by another 3-4 points in the last 20 years. However, mortality under age 5 and IMR are still quite high. By the mid-eighties the life expectancy in many countries reached 60 years. The current life expectancy on average is estimated at 67 years. Japan has the highest expectation of life, 82 years.

Both Young Age Dependency and old Age Dependency in Asia are very close to world average. Population density is highest in the Asian continent per 120/km square. Except Western Asia, the map is almost the same in all sub-regions in this regard. The range of urbanization varies widely. All the countries in Eastern Asian except China have very high urban population, between 57 and 100 percent like Hong Kong. The proportion of urban population is considerably low in Asia. In India, Pakistan and Bangladesh has an average of 31 percent of the population living in urban areas. Bhutan is the only country in the region which has single digit proportion of urban population.  

Malthusian Population Theory


Thomas Robert Malthus was the first person who spoke about problem of population growth. Population Theory was the first theory for population study which was published by Malthus. At that time British government as well as entire European government haughty to expand their colony so they wanted to adequate military force and economy. Therefore, they were towards the aspect of population growth in order to get the both military force and economy. In other hand, many industrial hosts also wanted to expand their industrial activities for enough profit. So they wanted more people in their state for work in industrial field. European learnt William Godwin, Buffon, Mostesque were also aspect of population growth. At that time population growth had been increasing in rapidly as a result there started to decline the facilities of living support things day to day. Therefore there were divided clearly seen two class society poor and rich in that period. Poor class people were being poorer there had started to see lack of food problem. Other side rich class people were being richer and richer. Malthus was studied this situation in nearly and he found out the cause of entire problems was by poor and unemployment and he declared that the control of population growth was the better measure to solve the problem. 
He published his essay on the principle of population in 1798 including the measure solution of population growth and occurring problems. He said that in his essay population growth was harmful. But his that opinion was criticism rapidly at that time. After than, he improved his concept, weakness and deficient on first essay and published next essay "An essay on the principle of population as it affects for the future improvement of society" this essay is known as the complete theory of Malthus.

Two postulates of Malthusian Theory
 First, food is necessary to the existence of men.
Second, the rage between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state.
Interpretation of Malthusian Theory:
Population growth rate:
Nature gives the rage for all the living creature for get continues their race or species. So man also not rid from this system, man has as more rage capacity so man highly involve in sexual intercourse. Thus, highly sexual intercourse creates high birth rate because they have more fecundity capacity so giving offspring is increase in geometrical ratio, 1:2:4:8:16:32:64:128 like this and population is double every in 25 years.
Food Growth Rate:
The size of land is limited. Food can not produce as population growth ratio but food is necessary to man for live. So, there starts degradation of land production as a result food production increase arithmetical ratio.
Thus, the geometrical growth ratio of population growth rate as fast leaps the arithmetical growth ratio of food production while increasing them and brings food problem. These problem could not be solved by the human effort if not there would be horrible hazard, disaster events, awful and hindered situation may creates by nature.

Malthus's measure of check for population growth
Malthus said that population growth would be control by human effort which is better, presented the population growth check measure in two ways which are as follow:
Natural checks:
Malthus said that when the population growth is high and imbalance between population and food at that situation to make less in imbalance the nature itself brings flood, landslide, earthquake, cholera, epidemic, lack of nutrition food, scarcity of food for long time, drought that decline and kills man and population become less and being balance between population and food. 
Malthus believed that nature is powerful and it itself can control the population if there is lack of human efforts to control growth of population.

Preventive checks:
According to Malthus the population growth control is more horrible and awful by nature, so human should be active and use artificial checks itself to control population growth. He gave two systems for to control population; a) Moral Restraints, according to this view, to get delay marriage, celibacy, self-control, not to give births are the moral restraints measure it helps to bring down the birth rate. b) Artificial Restraints, according to Malthus, prostitution, abortion and an unshackled intercourse could be a powerful incitement to early attachments. He advised that women to remain unmarried till the age of twenty-eight. He regarded the artificial birth controls as vice or sin.











POPULATION GROWTH AFTER SECOND WORLD


At the beginning of mid-seventies the average world population growth rate started to decline from a highly of 2.1 percent in 1965-70 to about 1.6 percent in 2000. However, even with population growth rate curtailed, the absolute increase every year is still higher than that in the previous year. It is mostly because of the expanding population base. Since 1950 there have added around 2,000 million and still are adding around 75-80 million every year. UNDP estimates that the average annual growth rate between 2003 and 2015 would be around 1.1 percent. Even if this growth is reached, there shall be adding about 700 million by 2010 and another 400 million in the next 5 years. In 1950, about 32 percent of the world population was from the more developed regions in 1995, this came down to about 27 percent and in 2000 their share was down to about 23 percent and then to only 18 percent in 2008. By 2050, the developed county's share is likely to be only 14 percent. Between 1950 and 2000, the population in the developed regions increased by 50 percent while the developing regions increased by 170 percent. Africa's population, currently growing faster than any other major region, is estimated to account for 21 percent of world population by 2050, up from just 9 percent in 1950.

There were 1 billion populations in 1804. After 123 years this population reached 2 billion in 1927. The population growth rate grew in rapidly and world population reached 3 billion in 1960 by the 33 year later from in 1927. After 14 year later from 1960 the world population reached 4 billion in 1974. In 1987 and 1999 world population reached respectively 5 and 6 billion. In the present world population have reached 7 billion.  There is estimated the world population will reach 8 and 9 billion respectively in 2028 and 2054.

Thursday, April 23, 2015

Economic Theory of Population


Scientists through many disciplines have contributed generously on issues relating population growth and the well initial stage of people, resource management, industrial development, pollution control and other many more. The economists as a class stand out clearly by the volume they have written on population and have established how modernization, industrial development and above all the quality of life are intimately related to birth rate and population growth in a society.

In the world for a long time is divided between two clusters of nations in one cluster is the nation that have achieved a very commendable control over birth rate thereby bringing the population growth rate to a near stationary condition and the countries in the other cluster still continue with high population growth rate. The first group countries are industrially and economically well ahead of others. They use the most sophisticated technology both in industrial and agricultural production and have a decent standard of living. The countries in the second cluster are not only economically far behind the nations in the first group, their economy is still largely dependent on traditional agriculture and their standard of living is well behind in comparison with the developed countries. Demographic forecasts are that fluctuations will be a dominant feature than a secular trend in future fertility scenario in modern industrial developed population. In less industrially developed population the fertility decline will show a secular trend. It is therefore no wonder that the economists dominate in the debate and discussion on population.

Saturday, April 4, 2015

Malthusian Population Theory


Thomas Robert Malthus was the first person who spoke about problem of population growth. Population Theory was the first theory for population study which was published by Malthus. At that time British government as well as entire European government haughty to expand their colony so they wanted to adequate military force and economy. Therefore, they were towards the aspect of population growth in order to get the both military force and economy. In other hand, many industrial hosts also wanted to expand their industrial activities for enough profit. So they wanted more people in their state for work in industrial field. European learnt William Godwin, Buffon, Mostesque were also aspect of population growth. At that time population growth had been increasing in rapidly as a result there started to decline the facilities of living support things day to day. Therefore there were divided clearly seen two class society poor and rich in that period. Poor class people were being poorer there had started to see lack of food problem. Other side rich class people were being richer and richer. Malthus was studied this situation in nearly and he found out the cause of entire problems was by poor and unemployment and he declared that the control of population growth was the better measure to solve the problem. 

Wednesday, April 1, 2015

Demographic Transition Theory


Demography transition theory is known scientific theory and modern concept in the field of population study. This theory developed on the basis of real and historical events than other theories. This theory developed from the experience of developed industrial western countries but this is important for developing countries as well. Transition of population may call the revolution in population or demography cycle. It is also call the complete expansion describe from high stage to low stage of population. In the high stage showed there was high birth rate and high death rate so population is stable and low stable stage shows the low birth rate and low death rate so population growth is stable.

Tuesday, March 31, 2015

C.P. Blacker' demographic transition model


There many demographer and have difference perspective on transition stages. C.P. Blacker has presented five stages of transition phase. These are as follow:
  1. High stationary population: This stage is similar to Thomson and Notestein's high potential growth. In a very underdeveloped economy and traditional social system, the difference in the birth and death rates is negligible and therefore the population is almost stationary with irregular fluctuations. Famine and epidemic regularly take heavy tolls on life. He said that 22 percent of world population was at this stage till 1930.
  2. Early expansion stage: fulfillment of food supply brought by higher yields in agriculture and better transportation prevent death due to starvation. Frequent famine and epidemic were under some control, medical facilities were extended to common man, preventive medicines put some check on infections diseases, death rate started to fall slowly but birth rate however continues to stay almost at the biological limit. As a result, the population starts to growth. C.P. estimated that 40 percent of world population was at this stage in 1930.

Sunday, March 22, 2015

Optimistic view of population


According to follower of these view the inter-dependent of population growth and resources take positive relation and different problem of human society can be solved by using science and technology. Human are not only weight for earth without skill and technology but also can increase capacity and productivity of available sources by using their own knowledge, forethought and skill. People can fulfill their need using multidimensional environmental resources. They believe science and technology is involuntary sources not alternative of natural sources and human society has got many facilities in difference way from science and technological sources. So, it is also called technological optimists thought. Supporter of technological development, believe that human able to solve any problem that is created by human activities. Geologist Martin Lewis expresses his thought on world as one of abundance and opportunity. Follower of these view focuses on only human’ wining on natural resources and pleasure by taking positive development of science and technology’ good events. Progress of technology blindly believe on bringing happiness and prosperous to human society and they do not measure environmental crisis that brings common and publicly from science and technology.

Optimistic view of population


According to follower of these view the inter-dependent of population growth and resources take positive relation and different problem of human society can be solved by using science and technology. Human are not only weight for earth without skill and technology but also can increase capacity and productivity of available sources by using their own knowledge, forethought and skill. People can fulfill their need using multidimensional environmental resources. They believe science and technology is involuntary sources not alternative of natural sources and human society has got many facilities in difference way from science and technological sources. So, it is also called technological optimists thought. Supporter of technological development, believe that human able to solve any problem that is created by human activities. Geologist Martin Lewis expresses his thought on world as one of abundance and opportunity. Follower of these view focuses on only human’ wining on natural resources and pleasure by taking positive development of science and technology’ good events. Progress of technology blindly believe on bringing happiness and prosperous to human society and they do not measure environmental crisis that brings common and publicly from science and technology.

Under Population Region


The term under population refers the less population, weak manpower and weak technology for extreme use of natural resources and services where available natural resources is strong than human manpower. There are more possibilities to increase the life standard and prosperity of community by using adequate available natural resources. But there is no acceptable manpower as natural resources. So there natural resources and services is getting loss without any reason.  Southern world’ evergreen forest of Brazil, Amazon, Congo lays such region. Such world region where could not bring utilization of resources and experience lack of required population for complete utilize of sources. There is found, these types of region distribute and using their own sources from combination, business and support system of over population region. But, there may increase external interference and exploitation so rapidly degrading the natural resources there can be found many result from deforestation and vicious cycle of poverty in Africa and southern America’ countries. Whereas developed countries using their technology for their benefit. There has more or less utility condition of natural resources by the cause of uses of polar region of earth, oceanic region and space for residence because of materialized civilization and human selfish nature.




Saturday, March 21, 2015

Over Population Region


The term over population refers the imbalance condition of population and environmental resources where Population is more than environmental resources and services. It is fact that, human need clean and adequate natural resources and service for live. But there is inequality distribution system of population in the world. Somewhere extremely over population has been concentration and uses of resources steps the threshold. Changing population has brought great challenge and decline the life standard.

Tuesday, March 17, 2015

Pessimistic view of population


Supporter of this view believes environment crisis is brought by growing human’ wasteful uses and highly exploitation of natural resources while fulfilling their need. Many people fight and struggle for few resources to get lower service and need in their life when the world reaches in critical stage because population growth rate increase in geometrical ratio and food in arithmetical ratio. Food is

Balance population and Resources


It has long relation between human and environment. Our living natural and social environment is directly impact by development of technology and progress of science of human activities. So, present pattern of world development, social value, economical system and dynamic demography is moving on from inter-dependent of environment and human population. There are different views about changing sequence occurring on earth by adding mode of social economical development and interrelation between uses of resources, distribution character and changing size of population.

Monday, March 16, 2015

Population Growth and Eco-system


There was ecology stability and warm, nearest and harmonious relation between human and environment for long time with out negative carrying effect of human on environment carrying capacity. But population growth took rapid motion and seriously impact on using ecological services and also some services are ruined that was coming from yore period. Difference environmental

Concept of Eco-system


Generally, Eco-system is called the system of ecology. There is created different unit, organization or spatial on earth interrelation of biological community and their environment that process helps for moving biotic living cycle  continuous in ecology. The level of power and material flows from low to high level in environment. Eco-system refers the functional and structural unit of biological

Concept of Ecology


Ecology is functional structure of natural environment. The word ecology uses as science and providing knowledge about how the biological elements function with natural environment and adopt their structure. Simply, ecology should be understood as study area of why and how cycle taking place between biotic and abiotic element and material in our surrounding environment. Ecology is the

Saturday, March 14, 2015

Population Change



There was very slow motion in population growth before 1650 AD in the history of population change. There was estimated about 250 million total population in the world in 1 AD. It took 1650 years to reach 500 million populations in the world. World population reached 1 billion in 1820. In 1930 and in 1975 the world population reached 3 & 4 billion. Population growth rate has seen rapid way so world population can be seen 5 billion in 1987. There are more than 7 billion populations in present world.

Greenhouse effect


Sun light keeps warm atmosphere and earth surface. The worming process is growing day to day by sun light on atmosphere. Greenhouse effect is called the process of warming atmosphere and earth surface by causes of human productive carbon dioxide and Methane gases. Generally, sun light coming process on earth and reflection towards space as radiation move on naturally that makes constant temperature on atmosphere and being warm on earth. But, difference causes product carbon dioxide and Methane gases on atmosphere as green gases these gases block the infrared ray of sun from reflection towards space. That’s way radiation sum as heat atom so greenhouse impact. It is also called global warming.

Sources of Greenhouse Gases
  1. carbon dioxide gas is origin from natural gas, oil, coal, as biological flue industrial activities, heating power center and suing vehicle.
  2. Chloroform carbon (CFCS) gas is origin from refrigerator, air conditioner, plastic form factory.
  3. Methane gas is origin from domestic dirt and garbage.
  4. Nitrite oxide gas is origin from increasing and decreasing process of nitrogen atom, forest and grass land conflagration and fire of biological flue.

Global Environment Status



Present global environmental status is moving dynamical process from complex interconnection of difference causes and effects. Rapid population growth, lack of living support goods and resources, raring of flue power, water and air pollution, deterioration of habitation, depletion of natural resources and environment situation is in serious challenge for the present world. Human life style has reached crisis situation. The entire world is in problematic stage from lack of living sources and goods, environment pollution and degradation of natural

Thursday, March 12, 2015

Biological Environment

It is moving on action and reaction between biological factors on the surface if earth and made biological layer is called biological environment. Small, big, one cell and multi-cell, aquatic, land and amphibian and million numbers of plants and animals fall in biological environment. Biological world is built from the

Physical Environment


The condition of physical power, natural organic, inorganic and combination of nonliving things is called physical environment. The origin of cause, factor, power and process are also known as physical environment. Solar power, topography-shape, elements, mountain, hill, atmosphere, structure, water cycle, river is known as aspect of physical environment factor. All available elements on earths are aspect of physical environment which helps to create physical and biotic matter. Solar system, radiation, evaporation and sedimentation are the main process of physical environment. Solar power, gravity force and spring changing power build cloud, water, landslide and hill. Above process and factors are known as environmental process. Light, temperature, wind, water, pressure, heat, humidity, topography, slope, land, soil, grow of soil, composition of soil, water cycle, ocean, river are aspect of physical environment.
Water cycle, gases cycle and sedimentation cycle change physical factor into physical and nonphysical factor. These processes develop and manage nutrient store system as result there origin creature.
In perspective of social group, scientific rule and process, natural environment is the strong control power over human activities. Human as well biotic objects can adopt natural environment as their biodiversity capacity and circumstantial condition. Creatures can’t adopt environment, they loss their existence from environment.





      

   

Temperature



Temperature is an important abiotic factor of environment. It is called changing heat (flue) of light. It is constant in differently every objects & animal feature. It is measured Celsius unit. Temperature is changeable factor of environment. So that, its impact fall more on biosphere. Temperature plays an important role for living food, habitation, migration, distribution, fertility, growth, development, coloration and existence of bio-world. Temperature is need according to deference of species’ age and ecological condition. Temperature is important for definite distribution biosphere. Evaporation and elimination process is rapid in high temperature some animal can die in low temperature,
Some of them migrate and some hibernation. Specific structure prepare for plant and animal to live in very low temperature. Such as, leaf falls in winter but plant is alive. Snake, lizard, toad and salamander hide under the land in winter season. Beer, deer and some birds migrate cold to hot place and return their previous inhabit place arrival of spring season.   
Metabolism, reproduction, growth, development, sex ratio, coloration and morphology of plants and animals are determinate by temperature. Temperature impact on sex ratio for example Daphnia small insect give birth only female species in low temperature and both male and female gives birth equally in high temperature. Temperature is an important aspect to exist the environment in own condition.
The wasteful activities of human the level of temperature is growing every year. Deforestation is main cause to increase temperature. When deforestation take place absorb capacity of carbon dioxide is decreased. As result, many problems are seeing on atmosphere, biosphere and other aspects.
 


                                                                                                        

Environmental degradation




Generally, environmental degradation means depletion of quality of environmental factors. Entire biological factors are facing the negative impact of environmental degradation on their daily activities human beings involve depletion activity. Human is main agents for depletion of quality of environmental. They use available environment haphazardly.
In broad meaning, environmental degradation means the negative impact on eco-system or deviation on ecological system. Environmental degradation, environmental depletion, environmental deterioration, environmental damage or environmental pollution is known as the synonym words use for describe depletion of environmental quality. Thus, the negative changing impact on ecological situation and quality is called environmental degradation.
Environmental degradation is overall lowering of environmental qualities and adverse changes brought our buy man in natural resources such and land degradation, deforestation, water quality depletion, air and water pollution and deteriorating quality of human beings. Social problem of ecology is known as the crisis of natural and environmental problem which is origin from human activities. Environmental hazards are those extreme events caused by natural process and human activities that make adjustment difficult property losses and lives.
Environmental degradation process is created by human beings. After that, environmental depletion creates deterioration of human beings and ecological system.



Human in environment


Economic and physical development take place rapid way from initial period of scientific technology develop in 19th century by the concept of quality life standard. Increasing use of new discovery technology and chemical was developing from 1950 decade. The world’s development activity is being main cause to destroy environment in world widely. Directly or indirectly facing environment problem by human in present world which is created by owns self.
There is green house effect, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, desertification, climate change appearing unreal on biosphere by increasing of uncontrolled urbanization, expansion of dirt and pollution. As well as, rapid forest destruction, soil erosion, flood, land slide, storm, and hazard-able events are increasing and expansion in the present world. Chemical pollution and nuclear pollution is growing dangerously along with rapid development of industries as result entire world’s people commonly facing environment problem which is growing in world. It should understand human also apart organ of environment. Human can’t save their existence beyond natural environment because human also gift of nature. Therefore, human should be conscious while using natural resources and daily livelihood environmental activities.
Own food store cycle is secure when secure while other creatures and plants food cycle secure. No less authority to secure for biosphere creatures and plants on earth. To live equally authority is known as environmental authority.
Human mostly depend on environment so we use natural resources in proper way to mange and use it to save for new coming generation is today’s main duties of world population.






Poverty and environment degradation



Generally, poverty is known as the condition of unable to attempt on access need economics. According to world development report 2010, decreasing of poverty and management of climate change is standing as great challenge for world society. According to latest world population statistical data sheet, there are 2.8 billion people in extreme level of poverty in the world. The report shows the income is less $ 2.  The World Bank present on own report, in south continent countries about 50 percent people are living low standard life.
World Band (2010) there is still 1.2 billion very poor people in developing countries with an annual in come of less than $ 370. Many new babies are born in poor family and struggle to live in poor environment. Poverty is more than lack of income it result from lack of access to health care, education, productive assets and secure livelihood. There are several linkages between poverty and environment. The poor of the world mostly live in the ecologically fragile or sensitive area. They have become both the victims and the agents of environmental degradation.
Thus, the cycle of poverty illness, scarcity and limited opportunities can become a self sustaining process that passes from survival needs and few options, these unfortunate poor people often have no choice to over harvest natural and environmental resources. In doing so, they diminish their own opportunities and also those of future generations.
The demand of food, flue, inhabit place, fulfill services are increased of population growth it all activities directly damage on environment pressure of increasing population create degradation and depletion of natural resources.

  

Population Growth & Environment Degradation



There are estimated about 3 million creatures and plants inhabited on earth. About 50 thousand insects, 2.50 thousand plants, 41 thousand vertebra and remaining invertebrate   creatures and micro species and plants are on earth. There are many plants and creatures are remaining to introduce. These creatures and plants contribute to keep balance between natural environment and eco-system internal and external interaction. Plant makes its food itself and making food other. Dead body of creature buried when it rotten and mix on soil it change into nutrition for plants. This system of interaction is conducting the food changing cycle between creature and plant. The more sue of natural resources increasing day to day population growth along with produce of luxurious goods. The sensible creature is known as human on earth but human only try to hold the environment in hand. Human rapidly use of natural resources’ raw material for industry’s system occurring deviation in natural eco-system. The pressure of artificial environment create dangerous situation towards. Entire creatures, plants and abiotic things’ exist is getting crisis by the irrational activities of human being. Their existence is getting danger by the cause of crisis of rare habitable place which live only depend on nature.
Generally, natural situation is changing in its rule. By this cause to appear new creature and destroy sequence is also moving itself. As result, there is probability to disappear one kind of creature during nine to twelve months. It is known as natural action in its rule. But, there are 48 kinds creatures and plants are raring per day from earth for all situation is moving.  According that raring cycle increasing in biodiversity in coming 3 decade 15 to 50 kinds of creatures are rare from earth for all. It is not natural cause increasing crisis on biodiversity; it is as result of human’s lack of rational behaviors on environment. As result we can’t help to say human existence in danger situation.










Population and Natural Resources



There is created a great problem by the rapid population growth and unequal distribution of population in the world. The relationship between natural resources is differ and province the effect of unequal distribution of world population. According to latest world population data sheet(2010), developed countries carrying below 20 percent world population but there total capacity to access on natural sources more than 80 percent using north developed countries only. The developing countries carrying 80 percent world population but their capacity to access on natural resources below 20 percent. Asian continent is only carrying more than 60 percent world population. But in Australia continent the carrying capacity population ratio is 0.5 percent only. Asian continent’s the high dense population countries China and India carrying 40 percent world population.

The world population growth rate, size and movement unbalance situation is occurring by the effect of war, fighting, division of world. By the all causes, in 1945, the great change came in population growth distribution direction in the history of world population. Israel was born in new country, such Pakistan, Bangladesh countries were divided. African countries took freedom way and moved ahead. Totally, in Asian continent countries create ecological imbalance by increasing dense pressure of population. Adding and increasing awful situation in south Asian continent countries. Such as, Nepal and other developing countries 60 percent people are obligation to live blew poverty line. The population pressure on earth is increasing unacceptably. Population growth directly effect on environment condition. Environment is known as the common house of biotic and abiotic objects. But, the sources of environment is only using sensible creature human in unfavorable way. So that, ecological condition, Eco-system and entire environment situation is getting worse day to day. The highly competition of development is creating worse situation for other important creature. Some of them are losing by unfavorable environment to them. As result, bad situation is occurring on environment.
It should be kept balance between population growth rate and environmental carrying capacity. If human do not do this it can’t say tomorrow human also disappear for all.

Relationship among Population and Environment



Process of human development population, environment and pattern of development process are interrelated each other. Entire social and economical activities of human society are depending on environment resources. World agricultural  production system, production of industry goods, types of human in-habitation, population, natural resources and environmental situation is interrelated each other. Population growth, environment situation and development process should understand reciprocal nature in each other.

Tuesday, March 10, 2015

Introduction

Introduction

Ecological human population is changing as other biological community. There are many qualitative new approaches and capacity has been developed by change of large size of population. To find out the problem and search new technological tools and using it in the field of solve the population related problems. It has taken great achievement of population growth and expansion. Entire human civilization history has been showing remaining to develop and use of complete human capacity and attitude. Population growth is main cause to adding human related problem, pressure on earth and malpractices. It is not only, the terrorizing condition is occurring by the expansion of rapid population growth but also the process of growth and develops of natural limit reach in sorrow able condition. Every second 3 babies are born and adding 5000 new face in the earth per day. Either these babies born in developed country America or born in developing country in Nepal the adding goods and need amounts are decreasing which is available on earth’s surface. Ecological service, natural source and carrying capacity of earth condition about lead the nature of world population growth. Extreme wrong condition will come on human society in future if the rapid growth rate and trends are checked and to balance between present population growth and environmental condition and natural resources.