International Co-operations for Environmental Management

The international communities are well aware and seized of global environmental and ecological problems and various efforts have been initiated to control global warming and halt probable climate change. There are several organization, government agencies, intergovernmental agencies, non-government organizations (NGO) which have undertaken various action plan and projects to study the relationships between man and environment interactions between man and nature, the environmental problems resulting there from and remedial measures therefore.
It is heartening to note that now international co-operations are forthcoming for the amelioration of the environmental and ecological problems. Efforts are being made to control ozone depletion and greenhouse effects at global level. The formulation of Montreal Protocol in September, 1987 under the leadership of UNO sponsored United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the international conference on 'depletion of ozone layer' in London, held from March 5 to 7 1989, where in government officials, scientists and industrials of 180 countries participated, international conference on ozone depletion held in London in 1990etc for restricting the production and consumption of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) etc. which reveal the seriousness of international communities for their active co-operations in tackling the global environmental problems but it is painful to pen down that still the political gimmicks, international politics, self interest and greed are the taboos of such efforts and co-operations.

Several international conferences, seminars, symposia, workshops etc for the maintenance of environmental quality, ecological balance, eco-system stability and biodiversity have been attended by different countries, United Nations voluntary, non-government and government organizations and several agreements and declarations have been signed.

The important conferences, protocols, agreements, and declarations are as follows:

1 first World Climate Summit, 1979 in Geneva (Switzerland)

2 Conferences on Industries and Climate, 1980 in Vienna (Austria)

3 Vienna Convention (Austria) 1985, for the protection and maintenance of ozone layer

4 Agreement on Montreal Protocol, Montreal, Canada, 1987 (September) for reduction of the production and consumption of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons in order to check depletion of ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone signed in September, 1987 at Montreal, Canada by 35 developed countries of  the World was the first concrete step in this regard. This was initiated by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The countries which agreed and signed the Protocol as follow:

i) To freeze the production of CFCs at 1986 level by 1989.

ii) To decrease the production of these synthetic chemical compounds by 20 percent by the end of 1993.

iii) To allow further 30 percent cut in the production of these chemicals by 1998.

iv) To freeze the production of Halons at 1998 level starting from 1992.

v) The total production of ozone depletion chemicals (mainly CFCs and Halons) would be reduced by 50 percent by the beginning of 1999.

5. Toronto Summit, 1988 in Toronto city of Canada, for the reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide.

6. Constitution of International Panel on Climate Change by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organization in 1988. this panel was assigned the main task of presenting reports on effects of greenhouse gases on the earth from time to time.

7. Climate Change Convention signed, was held in 1992 in the capital city of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, and was better known as First Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, where 154 countries attended.