International Co-operations for Environmental Management

The international communities are well aware and seized of global environmental and ecological problems and various efforts have been initiated to control global warming and halt probable climate change. There are several organization, government agencies, intergovernmental agencies, non-government organizations (NGO) which have undertaken various action plan and projects to study the relationships between man and environment interactions between man and nature, the environmental problems resulting there from and remedial measures therefore.

Major Global Problems

The most significant global environment problem faced by the world community is related to global environmental changes consequent upon global warming resulting from a host of causal factors viz. ozone depletion, emission of greenhouse gases at alarming increasing rate, deforestation etc. the probable net result of global warming would be climatic change at local, regional and global levels.

Acid Rain

Acid rain fall-out of acids caused by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with rainfall and thus increases in the amount of acidity of rainwater. As pointed   out above rainwater is not pure because atmospheric carbon dioxide is dissolved in the rainwater which thus because moderately acidic, the pH being generally 5. The water with Ph value of 7.0 is called neutral water whereas the pH value below it makes the water alkaline. The water becomes more injurious when the pH fall below 4.

Sulphur dioxide emitted from man made sources in large quantities into the atmosphere combines with water to form sulphur and sulphuric acids (H2SO4). These acids fall on the earth's surface with rainfall and thus the fall of highly acidic water are called acid rain. The pH of rainwater in some localities of the USA mainly in West Virginia has gone down to 1.5 pH of rainwater in Europe is as low as 2.4 whereas the normal range of pH of neutral water must be 7.0.

The main sources of acid rains are oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which are emitted from industrial establishments and different types of vehicles. These pollutions are spread in atmosphere by wind and from acids after reacting with water in the atmosphere. It may be pointed out that acid rains are not confined to the source areas of the emissions of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen rather they cover much larger areas far away from the source pollutants being in gaseous phase are carried away and spread over larger areas through winds and clouds. For example, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen spewed from several mills in Germany and U.K have caused widespread acid rains in Scandinavia countries with the result most of the lakes in Scandinavia countries have lost their biological communities and are now biologically termed as dead lakes.

Dead lake means destruction and death of all aquatic lives including plants and animals in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Acid rains also affect human community adversely, though the mode of human disease and death due to acid rains has not been properly understood as yet. The productivity of soils is also significantly lowered because of acid rains as increased acidity destroys mineral elements and other nutrients of the soils.

Acid rain is not a local problem or a problem of a particular country, rather it is an international problem because air pollutants emitted from a particular country are carried in the atmosphere by the winds and are spread over other countries. Thus the problem of acid rains should be tackled at international level.

World Common Environmental Issue

Present world is facing many environmental hazards and being problematic living support system of entire living beings. Environment is the common house for entire living and non-living things. But, the right of the other except man is losing by the human self-fish activities. Declining environmental condition is common concern matter all developed and developing countries that made think about improvement of environment condition for sustainable development and balance between sources and human. As a result many international conferences are held in order to manage environment depletion condition. These conferences find out the common issues and declare to manage.

1 Global change: - climate change, global warming, ice melting and sea level rising, change in atmosphere gaseous composition, change in water, air and soil quality, land use change, ecosystem services change and life system change.

2 Technological and Toxic Hazards, Incidence of disease infection

3 Natural resource degradation, life support bio-resource deletion, deforestation, desertification and land degradation

4 poverty, regional disparity, and inequality of development pattern

5 Loss of biodiversity and threat to cultural heritage

6 Solid waste management and technological appropriateness

7 Regional cooperation and world unity for long term solution

Common Goals of Environmental Policies

World circumstantial degradation of natural resources, wild animal, and environmental pollution has been brought every community, fund and organization and nation for conservation of environment and natural resources for long time sustainable development in common practice. Declining condition of natural environmental source, highly pressure of population, atmosphere pollution, industrial production, and production of greenhouse effect gases negatively effects on global climate change bringing challenge for biosphere global ecological situation make the world’s developed and developing countries in united for conservation of environment, sustainable development of economics, human and security for entire living system by making polices.

There has been seen many international conferences held for improve and conservation of environmental situation. Many policies and strategies have made these conferences and still applying it all the developed and developing countries. 

American geologist George Perkins published the book ‘Man and Nature’ in 1864 that notified to the American government about negative effect on ecological situation by the uncontrolled grazing and rapid chopping down tree on slope area. This is known as the first practice for environmental conservation. This message helped to the American government to build national policies in 1873 for conservation of forest and started to control the hunting activities of wild animals and species. 

The world’s common policies for conserve environmental situation

1 Maintains the essential ecological processes and life support systems on which we survive.

2 preserve the genetic diversity on which ecological processes of life support system are based.

3 Ensure the sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems which support millions of biological communities.

Environmental Education

We know that, we can't live with out good environmental situation. But the condition of the environmental situation is getting worse day to day in our life. The awareness for improving environmental situation has been starting in 1960, and held many international conferences for conserve of environmental situation. But environmental situation is not in improving condition. These conferences declared many policies and strategies to improve environmental situation and invest much properties. Human Environmental international conference made international level government policy for conservation of biosphere in 1972 (Sweden).