Duke University

Duke University could be a personal analysis university settled in Durham, North geographical region, us, supported by Methodists and Quakers within the contemporary city of Trinity in 1838, the college rapt to Durham in 1892. This University was established in 1924; by Chief Executive Duke was tobacco and wattage businessman. At that period the establishment modified its name to honor his deceased father, Washington Duke.

Environmental Degradation by Population Growth

To most of the people growth of human population at alarming rate at least in the present century is the most significant cause of the lowering of environment quality and ecological balance. In fact, there are conflicting ideas and views regarding the exact principal cause of environmental degradation wherein the lowering of environmental quality and ecological imbalance have been assigned to overpopulation, or to the failures of the social system or to modern technologies.

Industrial Development and Environmental Degradation

Industrial due to advancement in science and technology started in 1860 England and soon spread over Western Europe and North America. No doubt rapid rate of industrial development has given economic prosperity to human society, has given new dimension to socio-economic structure and has provided material comfort to the people of industrially developed countries but it has also created many-fold environment problems. In fact, the glittering effects of industrialization have so greatly affected the mind of the general public that industrialization is now being considered as the parameter of modernity and as a necessary element of socio-economic development of nation.

Cause of earthquakes

Earthquakes are caused due to disequilibrium in any part of the crust of the earth. A number of caused have been assigned to cause disequilibrium in the earth's crust such as volcanic eruptions, faulting and folding, up warping and down warping, hydrostatic pressure of man-made water bodies like reservoirs and lakes, and late the plate movements. The occurrence of severe devastating earthquake of San Fransisco (U.S.A) in 1960 led H.F. Reid, one of the official investigators of San Fransisco Earthquake Disaster, to advance his important ELASTIC REBOUNB THEORY to explain the mode and causes of earthquake mainly caused by fractures and faults in the earth's crust and upper mantle. Recently, PLATE TECTONIC THEORY has been accepted as the most plausible explanation of earthquakes.

Natural hazards

Natural environmental hazards and disasters involve comparatively rare high-intensity processes and extreme events caused by both terrestrial and atmospheric processes. The study of natural hazards includes the consideration of identification of specific events, finding of their causative factors, assessment of their impacts on human and other biological communities, prediction of such events and finding their remedial measures. Natural hazards fall in two broad categories (1) planetary hazards and (2) extra-planetary hazards or extra-terrestrial natural hazards.

Aspect and approaches to environmental management

On an average environmental management involves (1) judicious and gainful utilization of natural resources for socio-economic development and (2) Maintenance of environmental quality by perusing ecological principle. Broader objectives of environmental management include (i) to restrict and regulate the exploitation and utilization of natural resources, mainly non-renewable natural resources; (ii) to regenerate degraded environment and to renew natural resources (iii) to control environmental degradation and pollution (iv) to reduce the impacts of extreme events and natural disaster (v) to make optimum utilization of natural resources by recycling and reusing waste materials produced from one activity to another economically and environmentally viable activity (vi) to review and revise the existing technologies of production in terms of their adverse effects on the environment (vii) to formulate laws and regulations for the implementation of environment protection and conservation programs to maintain the environment quality.

International Co-operations for Environmental Management

The international communities are well aware and seized of global environmental and ecological problems and various efforts have been initiated to control global warming and halt probable climate change. There are several organization, government agencies, intergovernmental agencies, non-government organizations (NGO) which have undertaken various action plan and projects to study the relationships between man and environment interactions between man and nature, the environmental problems resulting there from and remedial measures therefore.